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Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Jun 2013

Volume 133, Issue 6 (Express)

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Improved vocal tract reconstruction and modeling using an image super-resolution technique

Xinhui Zhou, Jonghye Woo, Maureen Stone, Jerry L. Prince, and Carol Y. Espy-Wilson

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 133, Issue 6, pp. EL439-EL445 (2013); (7 pages)

Online Publication Date: 01 May 2013

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Magnetic resonance imaging has been widely used in speech production research. Often only one image stack (sagittal, axial, or coronal) is used for vocal tract modeling. As a result, complementary information from other available stacks is not utilized. To overcome this, a recently developed super-resolution technique was applied to integrate three orthogonal low-resolution stacks into one isotropic volume. The results on vowels show that the super-resolution volume produces better vocal tract visualization than any of the low-resolution stacks. Its derived area functions generally produce formant predictions closer to the ground truth, particularly for those formants sensitive to area perturbations at constrictions.
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43.70.Bk Models and theories of speech production
43.70.Aj Anatomy and physiology of the vocal tract, speech aerodynamics, auditory kinetics
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Attenuation as a function of the canal length of custom-molded earplugs: A pilot study

Jennifer B. Tufts, Siyuan Chen, and Lynne Marshall

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 133, Issue 6, pp. EL446-EL451 (2013); (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 01 May 2013

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Custom-molded earplugs (CMEPs) whose canal segments extend beyond the second bend of the ear canal can provide excellent attenuation but can sometimes be uncomfortable. Attenuation was measured for CMEPs whose canal segments were shortened in 2-mm increments. The within-subjects design permitted illustration of the form of the function relating attenuation to canal segment length for individuals. Reduction of attenuation due to canal segment shortening was generally more pronounced for frequencies ≤1000 Hz. Some regions of the canal segments were more critical than others in maintaining attenuation. The relationship between comfort and canal segment length was not straightforward.
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43.66.Vt Hearing protection
43.50.Hg Noise control at the ear
43.64.Ha Acoustical properties of the outer ear; middle-ear mechanics and reflex
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Longitudinal trends in speech tempo: The case of Queen Beatrix

Hugo Quené

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 133, Issue 6, pp. EL452-EL457 (2013); (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 01 May 2013

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Older talkers speak slower than young ones, but speech tempo has increased in the last decades. Have present-day older talkers slowed down with age or have they sped up with their community? This study investigates longitudinal patterns in articulation rate in formal speeches presented annually by Queen Beatrix between her ages 42 and 74. Her tempo decreased first and then increased in the last decade. Within a speech, acceleration and shortening increased longitudinally. These results suggest that this talker's preferred tempo has not decreased but increased longitudinally, presumably in accommodation to an increasing tempo in the Dutch language community.
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43.70.Fq Acoustical correlates of phonetic segments and suprasegmental properties: stress, timing, and intonation
43.70.Bk Models and theories of speech production
43.70.Jt Instrumentation and methodology for speech production research
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On autocorrelation analysis of jet noise

Blaine M. Harker, Kent L. Gee, Tracianne B. Neilsen, Alan T. Wall, Sally A. McInerny, and Michael M. James

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 133, Issue 6, pp. EL458-EL464 (2013); (7 pages)

Online Publication Date: 01 May 2013

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Meaningful use of the autocorrelation in jet noise analysis is examined. The effect of peak frequency on the autocorrelation function width is removed through a temporal scaling prior to making comparisons between measurements or drawing conclusions about source characteristics. In addition, a Hilbert transform-based autocorrelation envelope helps to define consistent characteristic time scales. Application of these processes to correlation functions based on large and fine-scale similarity spectra reveal that the large-scale noise radiation from an F-22A deviates from the similarity spectrum model.
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43.28.Ra Generation of sound by fluid flow, aerodynamic sound and turbulence
43.50.Nm Aerodynamic and jet noise
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Underwater noise from offshore oil production vessels

Christine Erbe, Robert McCauley, Craig McPherson, and Alexander Gavrilov

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 133, Issue 6, pp. EL465-EL470 (2013); (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 01 May 2013

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Underwater acoustic recordings of six Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessels moored off Western Australia are presented. Monopole source spectra were computed for use in environmental impact assessments of underwater noise. Given that operations on the FPSOs varied over the period of recording, and were sometimes unknown, the authors present a statistical approach to noise level estimation. No significant or consistent aspect dependence was found for the six FPSOs. Noise levels did not scale with FPSO size or power. The 5th, 50th (median), and 95th percentile source levels (broadband, 20 to 2500 Hz) were 188, 181, and 173 dB re 1 μPa @ 1 m, respectively.
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43.30.Nb Noise in water; generation mechanisms and characteristics of the field
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Identifying a temporal threshold of tolerance for silent gaps after requests

Felicia Roberts and Alexander L. Francis

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 133, Issue 6, pp. EL471-EL477 (2013); (7 pages)

Online Publication Date: 09 May 2013

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This study addresses whether there is a threshold, some particular length of silent gap between two speakers' turns, at which negative social attributions emerge. The effect of such inter-turn silence was tested by constructing dialogues where responses to requests were identical and affirmative so that study participants' (n = 380) ratings about “willingness” would be colored by lag time, not semantics. 100 ms intervals between 200 and 1200 ms were tested in a between groups design. There was a notable drop-off in ratings at 600 ms and a statistically significant difference in ratings between 700 and 800 ms.
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43.72.Kb Speech communication systems and dialogue systems
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Ultrasound assessment of polymer-shelled magnetic microbubbles used as dual contrast agents

Claudia Sciallero and Andrea Trucco

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 133, Issue 6, pp. EL478-EL484 (2013); (7 pages)

Online Publication Date: 16 May 2013

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This letter describes an ultrasound imaging assessment of novel contrast agents that are detectable by both medical ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Such agents are created by including superparamagnetic particles in polymer-shelled microbubbles through two different approaches. The reduced echogenicity and nonlinearity of the microbubbles are observed, depending on the strategy used to include the particles and the resulting density. The best results are obtained using imaging techniques that exploit the third-order nonlinear term, which is especially true when the microbubbles are excited by means of chirp pulses.
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43.80.Qf Medical diagnosis with acoustics
43.80.Vj Acoustical medical instrumentation and measurement techniques
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Sonic crystal acoustic switch device

Serkan Alagoz and Baris Baykant Alagoz

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 133, Issue 6, pp. EL485-EL490 (2013); (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 17 May 2013

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This study reports a wave-controlled sonic crystal switch device that exhibits a destructive interference-based wave to wave reverse switching effect. By applying control waves, this acoustic device, composed of a two-dimensional square lattice sonic crystal block, reduces acoustic wave transmission from input to output. The finite difference time domain simulation and experimental results confirm the wave-to-wave reverse switching effect at the peak frequencies of the second band. The proposed sonic crystal switch prototype provides a contrast rate of 86% at 11.3 kHz frequency. This wave-to-wave switching effect is useful for controlling wave propagation for smart structure applications.
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43.20.El Reflection, refraction, diffraction of acoustic waves
43.40.Yq Instrumentation and techniques for tests and measurement relating to shock and vibration, including vibration pickups, indicators, and generators, mechanical impedance
43.60.Fg Acoustic array systems and processing, beam-forming
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