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Nov 1989

Volume 86, Issue S1, pp. S1-S125

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back to top Session J. Speech Communication II: Focus Session on Creaky Voice
Invited Papers
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Physiology of creaky voice and vocal fry (A)

Ronald C. Scherer

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 86, Issue S1, pp. S25-S25 (1989); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 13 Aug 2005

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Creaky voice and vocal fry are voice qualities that are linguistically normal but often symptomatic in voice pathology. The physiology of creak and vocal fry will be discussed from the standpoints of electromyography, videofiberoscopy, x‐ray, glottography, and aerodynamics. Discussion will emphasize the relative role of the cricothyroid and thyroartenoid muscles, laryngeal vestibule constriction, hyperadduction, vocal fold motion irregularity, subglottal pressures, mean flow, and glottal source flow. New data in these areas will be compared with earlier findings. [Work supported by the Bonfils Foundation.]
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Acoustics of creaky voice (A)

Ingo R. Titze

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 86, Issue S1, pp. S26-S26 (1989); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 13 Aug 2005

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Creaky voice seems to be perceived as some combination of low pitch and roughness. Preliminary perceptual experiments suggest that whenever the fundamental frequency drops below about 70 Hz, pulses are perceived in phonation. The combination of several closely spaced harmonics of different (and varying) amplitudes may then add roughness if the harmonies fall within the same critical band. In addition to relaxing the laryngeal muscles to produce low F0, the larynx can create asymmetric vibrations and mode changes that produce subharmonic components. These contribute to the perception of low F0. Subharmonics are a result of bifurcation of a single stable vibratory state into multiple quasistable states and can lead to chaotic vibratory behavior if asymmetries or nonlinearities in the system are increased.
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Sociophonetic aspects of creaky voice (A)

Caroline G. Henton

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 86, Issue S1, pp. S26-S26 (1989); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 13 Aug 2005

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In a wide‐reaching study of creaky voice in British English (Henton and Bladon, 1988) it was indicated that use of creaky voice varied significantly according to sex and accent of speakers, as well as with utterance position. Specifically, males used between three and ten times as much creaky voice as did females. Accentual differences were also found: Speakers of Modified Northern were more polarized in the overall amounts of creak used than were RP speakers. Individual speakers varied considerably in their use of creak, with a number of males being persistent creakers. In addition, creaky voice was shown to be an “end‐of‐utterance” phenomenon, used by females and males in a demarcative function. Further research using data from American English and from French indicates that creaky voice may be employed as a sociophonetic marker across cultures. Indeed, its role as a marker of male speech may be enhanced in certain cultures where gender‐role expectations are more pronounced. The demarcative intonational function is observed again cross linguistically. This phenomenon, coupled with Hyman's (1988) recent results for West African languages, may make intonational creaky voice a candidate for a phonetic universal.
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Cross‐linguistic relations between voice quality and vowel quality (A)

Keith Denning

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 86, Issue S1, pp. S26-S26 (1989); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 13 Aug 2005

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A survey of impressionistic and instrumental descriptions of diverse languages (including new data from the Nilotic languages Dinka and Acholi) reveals repeated cases of phonemic and subphonemic interaction between phonation type and aspects of oropharyngeal resonance. Generally, if there is a regular interaction between intra‐ and extralaryngeal factors in a language, vocal fold configurations with greater laryngeal laxness (as required for regular phonation in consonants, murmur in consonants and vowels, and pitch depression) are associated with lower F1 and, conversely, greater vocal fold tension (associated with voicelessness, creaky phonation, and higher pitch) occurs with higher F1. Explanations for this universal in biomechanical (Laver, 1980), neuromuscular (Laufer and Condax, 1981), and aerodynamic (Ohala, 1983) aspects of articulation are proposed. Cross‐linguistic evidence suggests that articulation from intra‐ and extralaryngeal domains (putatively separate for phonological purposes) may function distinctively only in combination with each other in many cases. Implications of these and other findings include the need for a distinctive feature of “complex voice quality,” in contradistinction to the “primary feature” approach of Stevens, Keyser, and Kawasaki (1986), and the desirability of phonological models that accommodate phonetically based patterns of the relevant type in formulating principles of sound change and synchronic phonological analysis.
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