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May 1989

Volume 85, Issue S1, pp. S1-S156

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back to top Session H. Engineering Acoustics II and Physical Acoustics II: Warren P. Mason Memorial Session
Invited Papers
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Warren P. Mason (1900–1986), physicist, engineer, inventor, author, teacher (A)

Robert N. Thurston, David A. Smith, Jane Baran, Kwok Cheung, and John Johnson

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 85, Issue S1, pp. S19-S19 (1989); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 13 Aug 2005

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Warren Perry Mason, a Charter Member, Fellow, President, and Gold Medalist of the Acoustical Society of America, consistently applied his understanding of fundamentals to explain physical processes and create practical devices. As a physicist, he led us to a better understanding of fundamental effects in liquids and solids. He made the first measurement of shear elasticity in liquids and helped establish the type of motion that polymer chains can make. In solids, he contributed to quantitative understandings of phonon drag on charge carriers in semiconductors, fatigue of metals, and damping of acoustic waves in metals, insulators, semiconductors, alloys, and rocks. As an engineer and inventor, he led advances in mufflers and noise control, electromechanical filters for carrier‐frequency telephony, piezoelectric crystals and ceramics for electromechanical transducers, and semiconductor strain gauges. With about 200 patents, he is the most prolific inventor in the history of Bell Labs. As an author and teacher, he wrote over 200 papers and 4 reference books that teach fundamental concepts, give complete tensorial descriptions of numerous physical interactions in crystals, describe research results, and guide the reader to the related literature. This talk will sample Mason's contributions to physical acoustics and will give an example of a communications device made at Bellcore, in which Mason would surely have been interested, namely an acoustically tuned optical filter [B. L. Heffner et al., Electron. Lett. 24, 1562–1563 (1988)].
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An equivalent circuit appreciation of Warren P. Mason (A)

Arthur Ballato

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 85, Issue S1, pp. S19-S19 (1989); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 13 Aug 2005

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Warren Mason was a man of many parts and prolific in them all. One area in which he exercised a decisive influence was that of equivalent network representations of electromechanical systems. This paper salutes Mason's accomplishments in helping to bridge the disciplines of acoustics and electronics. It begins with a brief discussion of analogs and describes the Butterworth‐VanDyke circuit of a piezoelectric vibrator. This is where Mason started his productive work in the subject, introducing acoustic transmission lines, mechanical ports, and piezoelectric transformers. Today, the Mason equivalent circuit is universally used for bulk and surface acoustic wave device characterization. It has also given rise to a variety of alternative formulations such as analog networks, the KLM equivalent circuit, and systems models, which are discussed.
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Piezoelectric ceramic compositional development (A)

Don Berlincourt

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 85, Issue S1, pp. S19-S19 (1989); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 13 Aug 2005

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The original piezoelectric ceramic material was unmodified barium titanate. It was little used except as compositionally modified. The earliest work was by W. P. Mason, and this led to improved characteristics for sonar transducers and then to phonograph cartridge applications. By the mid 1950s, lead titanate zirconate materials were shown by B. Jaffe to have higher piezoelectric coupling and application at a much higher temperature. Over the next 10 years, many modified compositions were developed. These led to much improved sonar systems and ultrasonic cleaners and to applications in ultrasonic bonders, stereo phonograph cartridges and even printers. The new compositions also made possible applications such as piezoelectric ceramic filters, gas ignition devices, and camera flashbulb actuators. More recently, specialized ceramics have been developed based on lead titanate and lead metaniobate, but major efforts have been directed to applications of lead titanate zirconate compositions, which now touch virtually every home and automobile. The history of compositional studies with ferroelectric ceramics is reviewed and the types of characteristics achieved are summarized. The compositional additives and some general principles to explain their behavior are discussed.
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Acoustical filters in plane‐wave fields (A)

Richard K. Cook

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 85, Issue S1, pp. S20-S20 (1989); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 13 Aug 2005

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Lumped‐parameter acoustical filters were thoroughly described by Warren P. Mason in his book on electromechanical transducers and wave filters. Today, the filtering action of open‐ended circular (standing‐wave) tubes and of plane‐parallel waveguides is described. The description is most simply in terms of the spatial wave fields of open‐ended tubes and slots. These were first analyzed accurately by L. A. Weinstein (Vaynshteyn) in the 1940s–1950s for both acoustical and electromagnetic waves. The basic mathematical technique was detailed examination of the diffracted field as a wave emerged from the open end after propagation inside the waveguide. The solutions to the diffraction problems are applied, in acoustical engineering, to the accurate analysis of open resonators, as well as to the analysis of probe tubes used for measurement of sound fields. Earlier investigators had been able to do no more than arrive at rough approximations in the form of “end corrections” to the length of a resonating circular tube, fianged at its open end.
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Using piezoelectric film and ultrasound resonance to determine the complete elastic tensor in one measurement (A)

J. D. Maynard

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 85, Issue S1, pp. S20-S20 (1989); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 13 Aug 2005

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The ultrasonic and elastic properties of materials is conventionally measured using quartz, lithium niobate, etc., transducers and a pulse‐echo technique with the transducer driven at resonance. Some problems include transducer ringing, transducer bonding, parallelism of sample faces, beam diffraction, and the necessity of remounting transducers in order to measure all of the elastic constants. Usually these problems can be minimized, but, with samples that are only a fraction of a millimeter in size, conventional ultrasound measurement becomes difficult, if not impossible. However, nearly all of these problems disappear if a resonance technique is used, and all of the elastic constants may be determined with a single measurement. For the broadband response and minimum loading by the transducer required for a resonance measurement in a small sample, polyvinylidene flouride (PVDF) piezoelectric film as thin as 9 μm is ideally suitable. Small active areas and leads are produced with metalization patterns on each side of the PVDF film. For resonance measurements, electrical cross talk across the small sample is processed by frequency modulating the drive and using phase sensitive detection. Samples with dimensions of only a few hundred microns may be measured with large signal‐to‐noise ratios. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research and NSF Grant DMR 8701682.]
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Acoustic cavitation 42 years after the Briggs, Johnson, and Mason paper (A)

Robert E. Apfel

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 85, Issue S1, pp. S20-S20 (1989); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 13 Aug 2005

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Warren Mason was one of the early pioneers of high‐power ultrasonics who studied its effects on liquids [Briggs et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am 19, 664–677 (1947)]. One of these effects is acoustically induced bubble activity. Such activity can be desirable, as in ultrasonic cleaning, or undesirable, as with cavitation on sonar transducers. This talk will review the basic physics underlying the onset of cavitation, the dynamics of bubble motion, and the effects caused by cavitation, with emphasis on how to optimize or minimize these effects, depending on the application. [Much of this work has been supported by the Office of Naval Research and by the National Institutes of Health through Grant 1R01CA39374.]
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The Mason horn, extension and applications (A)

D. N. Beshers

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 85, Issue S1, pp. S20-S20 (1989); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 13 Aug 2005

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Warren P. Mason, in the mid 1950s, introduced the inverted exponential horn as a concentrator of ultrasonic waves. In 1968, he published an extended account of a stepped approximation to the exponential horn. Part of the horn was replaced by a half‐wavelength piece that functioned as a mechanical transformer with a step reduction in diameter at the quarter‐wave point. The specimen was shaped like a dumbbell to give a mass‐spring‐mass resonance with a further step down in diameter. The result was a substantial reduction in area and thus an increase in vibratory stress. The apparatus may also be described as a composite resonant oscillator: Each of the three elements, transducer, transformer, and specimen, is at resonance. Mason developed the theory of this stepped horn only for perfect resonance, and allowed for damping only in the reduced part of the specimen. Here, his theory is extended to allow for small deviations from resonance, such as must occur in practice, and for damping in the other elements. When the damping and the deviations from resonance are small, simple sum rules hold. Variations in specimen design are also considered. Applications, past and future, will be discussed.
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Resonance of a parallelepiped to determine single‐crystal elastic constants up to 1800 K (A)

Orson L. Anderson

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 85, Issue S1, pp. S21-S21 (1989); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 13 Aug 2005

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The experimental free oscillation spectrum of a rectangular parallelepiped specimen of a single crystal has been obtained on corundum up to 1800 K, using buffer rods to separate the specimen from transducers. By inversion techniques, a theoretical spectrum can be generated, which depends upon the elastic constants, crystal symmetry, and dimensions. Using computational techniques involving the inversion of large matrices, a set of elastic constants is found that produces a theoretical spectrum matching the experimental spectrum out to about 40 modes. Using this technique, the mineral physics laboratory of UCLA has determined the elastic constants Cij and dCij/dT as functions of T with good precision up to temperatures far in excess of the Debye temperature. Some of the results for MgO include: the accurate determination of the Grüneisen parameter to high T; the conclusion that (∂CV/∂T)P = 0 at high temperature (i.e., there is no perceptible anharmonicity in specific heat); and the finding that the anharmonic parameters δS and δT are independent of T at high T.
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Warren P. Mason: Some brief encounters, some long memories (A)

Louis R. Testardi

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 85, Issue S1, pp. S21-S21 (1989); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 13 Aug 2005

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My introduction to the science of acoustics and my first meeting with Warren Mason were nearly simultaneous if not synonomous events at Bell Labs during the mid 1960s. Living in the house of the giant has left some memories and helped shape some personal views on the nature of human achievement and the diversity of greatness. I'll recount some of the ways our paths crossed over the ensuing 20 years and try to explain how his influence went beyond what I could have imagined at that first meeting.
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