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May 1983

Volume 73, Issue S1, pp. S1-S106

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back to top Session V. Speech Communication IV: Speech Physiology and Production
Contributed Papers
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Stereo‐laryngoscopy (A)

Y. Kakita, M. Hirano, H. Kawasaki, and K. Matsuo

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 73, Issue S1, pp. S46-S46 (1983); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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A new method for obtaining the vertical movements of a selected point on the vocal fold during vibration in living human subjects is reported. In a regular ultra‐high‐speed cinematography of the vocal fold vibration, the vertical movements cannot be measured. To obtain the stereoscopic image, a specially designed mirror (stereo‐laryngo mirror) is used. This mirror consists of two identical small mirrors (1 cm×2 cm apiece) combined to keep a specific angle π − 2θ. By using this, two slightly different images of the vocal fold can be photographed in one picture. Provided that θ<1, h≈(d/4θ sin φ), where h is the vertical distance between the mirror and a particular point on the vocal fold; d, the distance between the two images of that point in the picture; and φ, the tilting angle of the mirror from the vertical line. From preliminary data photographed at 2600 frames/s, a resolution of Δh≈0.25 mm was obtained for the vertical movement of hmax − hmin ≈ 0.6 mm. (To reduce the error, measurement of d was repeated four times for an identical frame.) An eight‐shaped movement in the frontal plane [first reported by T. Baer, Ph.D. thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA (1976), for the canine larynx] was also observed.
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Computerized pulsed‐ultrasound techniques for the measurement of lingual, laryngeal, and lateral pharyngeal wall movements (A)

David J. Ostry, Kevin G. Munhall, and Avraham Parush

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 73, Issue S1, pp. S46-S46 (1983); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Keller and Ostry (J. Acoust. Soc. Am., in press) described a microcomputer‐based system for the measurement of tongue dorsum movements with pulsed‐echo ultrasound. We have recently completed an upgrade of this system to provide facilities for (1) simultaneous ultrasound measurement of any two of lingual, larygeal, and lateral pharyngeal wall movements, (2) the transduction of jaw movements and force. (3) concurrent EMG sampling, and (4) acoustic sampling at rates up to 7 kHz. The presentation focuses on the pulsed‐ultrasound recording, display, and analysis techniques. The transducer placement procedures for tongue dorsum, vocal folds, and lateral pharyngeal wall are described and several examples of simultaneous recordings are presented. Data analysis techniques involving separate application of natural cubic spline functions to each of the records are also presented and an iterative procedure for optimizing goodness of fit of the spline functions is described.
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Pressure‐flow relationships in a laryngeal airway model having a diverging glottal duct (A)

Ronald C. Scherer

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 73, Issue S1, pp. S46-S46 (1983); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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A laryngeal airway model was constructed using polyester resin in order to empirically test current pressure‐flow equations of the larynx. The model was five times larger than life size and had 13 pressure holes to allow measurement of wall pressure profiles. The glottis had a diffuser shape with a 40° divergence angle. This glottal shape is prominent during glottal closure within a vibratory cycle. Three glottal diameters were used: 0.0054, 0.0200, and 0.0918 cm (prototype values). There were essentially two regions of laryngeal pressure for steady flow conditions. The subglottal pressure acted on the laryngeal surfaces upstream of the entrance to the glottis, and the supraglottal pressure acted on the laryngeal surfaces within the diverging region of the glottis. Flow separation near the glottal entrance is suspected. Large negative pressures were not found in the glottis, and the two‐duct, glottal pressure‐flow equations of Ishizaka and Matsudaira were not well supported. The translaryngeal pressure drop coefficient essentially was dependent only on Reynolds number. [Work supported by NIH and The Voice Foundation.]
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Viscoelasticity of vocalis muscle (A)

Fariborz Alipour and Ingo R. Titze

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 73, Issue S1, pp. S46-S46 (1983); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Mechanical analysis of vocal fold vibration requires information on the viscoelastic properties of vocalis muscle. Force response of a dog's vocalis muscle was measured by one‐dimensional stepwise elongation of the tissue with a computer‐controlled ergometer in an isometric mode. A quasilinear viscoelastic model as proposed by Fung (Biomechanics: Its Foundations and Objectives, 1972) was used to evaluate two time constants and viscoelastic parameters of the vocalis muscle. [Work supported by NINCDS Grant No. NS 16320‐03.]
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Motor control of laryngeal articulation (A)

Anders Löfqvist, Nancy S. McGarr, and Kiyoshi Honda

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 73, Issue S1, pp. S46-S46 (1983); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Differences have been reported on the contributions of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles for the control of voicing and glottal aperture. Although glottal abduction/adduction in single voiceless consonants appears to be controlled by PCA and INT, our previous work has shown that variations in glottal aperture during voiceless consonant clusters can be controlled by PCA alone. The present experiment examined electromyographic recordings of four intrinsic laryngeal muscles (INT, LCA, VOC, and CT). Transillumination was used for recording glottal opening. The results of the present study indicate that glottal opening in voiceless consonant clusters is also controlled by the VOC, while INT, LCA, and CT tend to remain inactive. The CT is also active for voiceless consonants; this activity might be associated with the cessation of voicing. A high correlation was found between size of maximum glottal opening and speed of glottal adduction in voiceless sounds. This result implicates a significant passive component in glottal adduction. [Work supported by NINCDS.]
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Evidence of consistent double and triple vocal fold vibratory patterns during pulse register phonation (A)

Robert L. Whitehead, Dale E. Metz, and Brenda H. Whitehead

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 73, Issue S1, pp. S47-S47 (1983); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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It has been suggested by Hollien et al. [Folia Phoniatr. 29, 200–205 (1977)] that vocal fold vibratory patterns during pulse register phonation may consist of single and/or multiple pulses. These authors did admit, however, that quantifiable evidence for the existence of multiple pulsing was limited. In the present investigation, high‐speed laryngeal films (4000 frames/s) were obtained during phonation of the vowel /ɑ/ in pulse register by a normally hearing and speaking adult female. Glottal area‐time functions were calculated for 15 consecutive vibratory cycles from a frame‐by‐frame analysis. The results indicated that the vowel sample was phonated at an average fundamental vocal frequency of 34 Hz. In addition, it was found that each complete vibratory cycle was comprised of either a double or triple pulsing of the vocal folds prior to achieving total closure of the vocal folds, for a substantial period of time, at the completion of each vibratory cycle. These data are discussed with reference to previously reported findings on the physiologic and acoustic features of pulse register phonation. [Work supported by U.S. Department of Education.]
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Physiological effects on stop consonant voicing (A)

Patricia A. Keating

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 73, Issue S1, pp. S47-S47 (1983); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Voiced and voiceless stops in initial position are known to differ in Voice Onset Time; they may also differ in closure duration and the duration of closure voicing. Besides the voicing distinction, such factors as the position of the stop in a word or utterance, the stop's place of articulation, and the stress of adjacent syllables will also affect these measures. Data from the literature have been extended with new acoustic measurements for English, Swedish, and other languages. While there is some variation across languages, general patterns, which might be attributable to vocal tract physiology, can be identified. In an attempt to account for these patterns, an electrical analog of vocal tract aerodynamics can be used to study the probable effects of place of articulation and syllable stress on closure voicing offset. The model allows variation of subglottal pressure, glottal area, supralaryngeal cavity volume, wall mechanics, and oral constriction geometry. The extent to which these variables determine universal, presumably inherent, patterns of variation will be considered.
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An ultrasound demonstration of tongue anatomy and speech activity (A)

Thomas H. Shawker and Maureen Stone

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 73, Issue S1, pp. S47-S47 (1983); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Soft tissue detail, motion display, and subject safety are features of ultrasound imaging that make it ideal for viewing the tongue and floor of the mouth during speech. In addition to the tongue surface, much of the intrinsic anatomy can be identified including the genioglossus, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, and digastric muscles; fascial boundaries such as the median fibrous septum of the tongue, the floor of the mouth intermuscular septum, and paramedian septums; and the hyoid bone. This study correlates the clinical ultrasound image with the anatomy demonstrated by tongue dissection. In addition, tongue movement during production of the speech sounds /ɑ/, /i/, and /k/ was examined in ten normal speakers and three patients with dysarthria. Tongue movement was found to be consistent for the normal speakers of /i/ and /k/. The three patients with neurological disease showed varying but significant differences in articulation compared to normals including prolonged movement, decreased intrinsic tongue activity, and a tendency to move the tongue as a unit with increased utilization of the floor of the mouth muscles. It appears that real‐time ultrasound imaging of the oral cavity is a potentially valuable technique for the investigation of normal and abnormal speech.
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Real‐time ultrasound visualization of the tongue surface: Displacement and curvature (A)

Maureen Stone, Barbara C. Sonies, and Kathleen A. Morrish

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 73, Issue S1, pp. S47-S47 (1983); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Real‐time ultrasound was used to image the tongue surface during speech. Reliability measures were obtained for two judges. The tongue surface was examined during the production of steady state vowels (i, ɑ, u) and rest position, as well as vowels embedded in a carrier phrase (i, ɑ, æ, o, u). The steady state vowels were repeated five times each by five subjects and were examined with respect to radial displacement, curvature, and variability of tongue position. The embedded vowels were part of a carrier phrase which was repeated ten times by four subjects. A curvature equation was used to determine the first and second derivative (slope and concavity) of the tongue surface curvature. The resultant waveform provided amplification of subtle differences seen in the posterior 2/3 of the tongue for the vowels. Results will be discussed with regard to current models of vowel production.
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Analysis of tongue motion during swallowing using real‐time ultrasound visualization (A)

Barbara C. Sonies and Thomas H. Shawker

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 73, Issue S1, pp. S47-S47 (1983); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Because real‐time ultrasound provides an excellent method to visualize the soft tissue structures of the tongue during speech, this technique was applied to analyze the oral and pharyngeal stages of swallowing. Eight normal subjects (ages 19–26, x̄ − 22.7] and one patient with a neurologic disease were subjects. Sagittal ultrasound scans of the tongue were obtained while subjects swallowed 5 cc of water in single swallows. Measurements were made of mid‐tongue thickness at rest and during swallow, tongue length, sequence and timing of bolus movement, and tongue activity during swallow. Comparison of data for the normal and impaired subjects will be presented along with a discussion of the stages of swallowing. The results will be discussed with respect to neuromuscular theory and standard radiologic techniques.
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Aerodynamic characteristics of the early stages of speech adaptation to a dental appliance (A)

Sandra L. Hamlet

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 73, Issue S1, pp. S47-S47 (1983); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Sibilants, especially /s/, present the greatest difficulty in speech adaptation to a dental appliance. The flow profile for /s/ in an intervocalic context is double humped, reflecting the dynamic interplay between vocal fold opening and tongue gesture. Air‐flow profiles for /s/ during the first few minutes of adaptation show a marked change (either much higher or much lower) compared to a compensated condition two weeks later. These flow profiles were also more variable than in the compensated condition—the greatest contribution stemming: from the very first reading of the speech sample. Successive readings showed continued, but more gradual, adjustments. Consideration is given to alterations in timing of articulatory gestures as the mechanism producing these early adaptive changes. [Work supported by NIH.]
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The effects of white noise masking and low‐pass filtering on speech kinematics (A)

Karen Forrest, Paul J. Abbas, and Gerald N. Zimmermann

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 73, Issue S1, pp. S48-S48 (1983); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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High‐speed cinefluorography (100 fps) was used to monitor articulator movement of subjects received (1) normal auditory information, (2) their own production of the utterance, low‐pass filtered at 600 Hz, or (3) wideband noise. It was hypothesized that if the acoustic speech signal contains information critical to production, specific kinematic alterations would occur as auditory information was reduced. The speech sample was designed to investigate movements of the tongue tip and tongue dorsum under these conditions. The kinematic parameters affected included displacement, steady state duration, and interarticulator timing; however, the direction of change and the articulatory gestures in which these changes occurred were not consistent across subjects. An acoustic analysis of the data indicated changes in formant frequency, formant frequency range, and fundamental frequency. Again, the effects were not consistent across subjects. The results will be discussed to suggest that auditory information “maintains” speech kinematic behavior, either by facilitating or inhibiting muscles of articulation.
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