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Nov 1981

Volume 70, Issue S1, pp. S1-S109

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back to top Session M. Psychological Acoustics I and Physiological Acoustics II: Part 1—Cochlear Modifications, Part 2—Pitch (Poster Session)
Part 1
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Thermal noise, active filtering, and stochastic properties of the cochlear echo (A)

William Bialek and Allan Schweitzer

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 70, Issue S1, pp. S27-S27 (1981); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Current theories of the cochlear echo phenomenon invoke reflection from a point of impedance mismatch along the basilar membrane. This impedance discontinuity may have an active component, and the propagation characteristics of the basilar membrane between the mismatch and the oval window may also be modified by active phenomena; nonetheless, these theories do not involve the instability of an active filter in the strict sense. We believe that active mechanical filtering at the stereocilium itself is necessary if the problem of Brownian motion of the stereocilium is to be resolved [A. Schweitzer and W. Bialek, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 68, S42 0980)]. Here we discuss the driven instability of such a system, and show that it can reproduce several of the observed properties of the echo. The active filter model predicts that the initial portion of the echo will consist of amplified thermal noise, and the possibility of observing this noise will be discussed.
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Loudness recruitment in the dihydrostreptomycin‐treated patas monkey (A)

Angela G. Feitosa, David B. Moody, and William C. Stebbins

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 70, Issue S1, pp. S27-S27 (1981); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Previous research in our laboratory has revealed the extreme sensitivity of the patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) to the ototoxic effects of dihydrostreptomycin (DHSM) [J. E. Hawkins, Jr. et el., Acta Otolaryngol. 83, 123–129 (1977)]. In this report we present evidence suggesting that this animal can be used for the study of the changes in loudness perception that accompany sensorineural hearing loss. Three patas monkeys were trained to report the presence of pure tones monaurally presented through earphones. Reaction time‐intensity functions were obtained at selected stimulus frequencies by the constant stimulus method. After training, DHSM (20 mg/kg/day i.m.) was administered until a change of 40 dB in absolute threshold, independently determined by the staircase method, was observed at either 16 or 32 kHz. The following changes which continued long after drug treatment had ceased were observed: (1) An initial increase in reaction time to tones near threshold, followed in time by an increase at progressively higher SPLs, the magnitude of the change being an inverse function of SPL. (2) A related increase in reaction time to progressively lower frequencies. These results are interpreted as indicating progressive loudness recruitment in a uniquely sensitive animal model. [Supported by Research Grant NS 15108 and Program Project Grant 05785 from NINCDS.]
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Acoustic sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the guinea pig inner ear after total destruction of cochlear hair cells (A)

Y. Cazals, J.‐M. Aran, J.‐P. Erre, and A. Guilhaume

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 70, Issue S1, pp. S27-S27 (1981); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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After selective destruction of all cochlear hair cells and preservation of vestibular hair cells in guinea pigs treated with massive doses of the aminoglycosidic antibiotic amikacin, acoustic stimuli can still evoke a series of neural responses recordable from the inner ear up to the auditory cortex [Y. Cazals et al., Science 210, 183–186 (1980)]. The responses present equivalent absolute thresholds from 63 Hz to 16 kHz and exhibit well defined tuning curves of a low‐pass filter type which make them akin to responses from hearing organs. Complete or partial destruction of the vestibule combined with a complete cochlear destruction demonstrate that such responses originate from the inner ear and most likely from the saccule. These results support the hypothesis of a hearing function of the saccule in a mammal, a role already demonstrated for lower vertebrates. The tuning properties could originate from the coupling of the ciclia with the otolithic membrane. [Work supported by Inserm grant 8‐ASR‐6 and DGRST grant DN/80.7.0233.]
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Multipolar residual spiral ganglion neurons (A)

Douglas B. Webster and Molly Webster

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 70, Issue S1, pp. S27-S27 (1981); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Guinea pigs drug deafened with a combination of kanamycin (400 mg/kg S.C.) followed 2 h later with ethacrynic acid (40 mg/kg I.V.) have a stable number of spiral ganglion neurons by 8 months post‐treatment which is 13% of the normal spiral ganglion population [M. Webster and D. B. Webster, Brain Res. 212, 17–30 (1981)]. Three μm serial sections of the spiral ganglion of such drug deafened guinea pigs sacrificed either 9 months or 16 months following treatment were cut. Each section was photographed and the profile of each neuron was traced onto acrylic sheets. Stacking the acrylic sheets allowed a three‐dimensional visualization of each neuron. In the 9‐month post‐treatment animals, the spiral ganglion neuronal types were: 6% unipolar, 53% bipolar, 38% multipolar, and 3% questionable. In the 16‐month post‐treatment animals, the spiral ganglion neuronal types were: 3% unipolar, 17% bipolar, 78% multipolar, and 2% questionable. These data suggest that following long term organ of Corti loss, the residual spiral ganglion neurons sprout new processes. [Work supported by NIH grants NS‐12510 and NS‐11647.]
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Compared ototoxicities of gentamicin, tobramycin, and dibekacin: A functional and morphological study in guinea pigs. Part I: Cochlear study. Part II: Vestibular study (A)

Jean‐Marie Aran, Jean‐Paul Erre, Anne Guilhaume, Catherine Aurousseau, and Yves Casals

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 70, Issue S1, pp. S27-S28 (1981); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Pigmented guinea pigs were treated with daily subcutaneous injections of gentamicin, tobramycin, and dibekacin, respectively, at the dose of 90 mg/kg/day for 20 consecutive days. The cochlear function (thresholds of click evoked potentials at the auditory cortex) and the vestibular function (number of electronystagmographic saccedes during damped sinusoidal rotatory oscillations) were monitored before, during, and after the treatment in some guinea pigs chronically implanted with temporal cortex and periocular electrodes. Other simultaneously treated guinea pigs were similarly implanted and tested but only at the end of the experiment, just before sacrifice (from 30 to 100 days post Rx). The structure of the cochlear receptor (surface preparations) and of the vestibular receptors (serial sectioning) of one ear were evaluated quantitatively while the other ear was observed in scanning electron microscopy. These functional and morphological observations, which correlate very precisely, indicate that, in such experimental conditions, gentamicin has been highly cochleo‐ and vestibulotoxic, dibekacin on the contrary has been only, and to a lesser degree, vestibulotoxic while tobramycin appeared cochleotoxic rather like gentamicin and vestibulotoxic more like dibekacin. [Work supported by Inserm grant 8‐ASR‐6 Oreille interne.]
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Differential sensitivity in the guinea pig olivo‐cochlear bundle (A)

Phyllis E. Stopp and I. C. Whitfield

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 70, Issue S1, pp. S28-S28 (1981); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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The hair cells in the basal region of the cochlea are more susceptible to damage from ototoxic agents than are those of the rest of the cochlea, a result suggesting a chemical difference between the regions. We have recently obtained experimental evidence for a similar chemical differential in the cochlear efferents. Attempts to label efferent neurons with HRP by perfusion of scala tympani through holes in the apex and basal turn were uniformly negative, whereas perfusion via the round window labeled cell bodies in the superior olivary region. It was not necessary to introduce the perfusate via the round window; the previously unsuccessful perfusion via the basal hole became successful as soon as the round window was opened. We have been unable to obtain any satisfactory explanation of this phenomenon in terms of washing out of the perfusate or of different anatomical distributions of the fibers, and are driven to the conclusion that there is some chemical difference between the efferent terminals which results in the HRP being taken up only by those endings in the lower basal and “hook” regions.
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Steep gradients in amino acid profiles between endolymph and perilymph (A)

R. Thalmann, T. H. Comegys, J. E. DeMott, and I. Thalmann

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 70, Issue S1, pp. S28-S28 (1981); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Using high performance liquid chromatography, we have determined 19 amino acids (AAs) in cochlear and utricular endolymph, cochlear and vestibular perilymph, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the guinea pig. Glutamate and aspartate are markedly higher in both cochlear and utricular endolymph than in perilymph, confirming our previous studies on cochlear endolymph based on enzymatic cycling [Thalmann et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 66, S47 (1979)]. The remaining AAs are significantly lower in both endolymphatic compartments, in most cases by an order of magnitude. Nevertheless, significant differences between the AA profiles of cochlear and utricular endolymph exist. AA concentrations of perilymph of scala vestibuli and vestibular cistern are higher than in CSF, in two cases by an order of magnitude. In scala tympani the AA composition is highly variable depending upon sampling method and surgical manipulation preceding sampling (relief of CSF pressure, obstruction of cochlear aqueduct). Without surgical interference, those AAs which are very low in CSF are considerably lower in scala tympani than in scala vestibuli, suggesting substantial natural or artifactual admixture of CSF. These same AAs increase in concentration when CSF pressure is relieved or the cochlear aqueduct blocked. [Supported by NIH grants NS14334 and NS06575.]
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Effect of iodoacetic acid upon cochlear potentials (A)

T. Kobayashi, I. Ise, D. C. Marcus, and R. Thalmann

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 70, Issue S1, pp. S28-S28 (1981); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Lotz et al. [Inner Ear Biology, INSERM, 233 (1977)] reported that perilymphatic application of 5 × 10−3 M iodoacetic acid (IAA) does not influence the first‐order cochlear microphonics (CM1). However, in ischemia the rate of decline of CM11 was significantly increased by IAA. The authors concluded that glycolysis plays no role in the maintenance of the CM1, but that it is responsible for supporting the CM11. In carefully controlled experiments we were unable to reproduce these findings. Both the endolymphatic potential (EP) and the CM declined drastically due to perfusion with 5 × 10−3 M IAA (within 10 min the EP dropped to −58 ± 4.5 mV (SD), and the CM declined to about 6% of the control). The CM was abolished after 45 min of perfusion with 5 × 10−3 M IAA, while it persisted for periods exceeding 120 rain in total anoxia. We cannot account for the discrepancy between our findings on CM1 and those of Lotz et al. Nevertheless, our experiments confirm the hypothesis that the CM11 is supported by anaerobic glycolysis. In addition, we observed an anoxia sensitive negative component of the EP in severe intoxication with IAA, a phenomenon hitherto considered peculiar to intoxication with “loop” diuretics. [Supported by NIH grant NS06575.]
Part 2
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Transient residue pitch changes by adaptation (A)

Joseph W. Hall, III and David R. Soderquist

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 70, Issue S1, pp. S28-S28 (1981); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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The effect of pitch adaptation by a complex stimulus was examined in two experiments. In experiment 1 a monaural residue pitch change was measured after ipsilateral or contralateral complex stimulus adaptation. While ipsilateral adaptation resulted in pitch changes away from the residue pitch of the adapting stimulus, no pitch change occurred for contralateral adaptation. The precision of pitch matching was reduced by both ipsilateral and contralateral adaptation. Experiment 2 examined whether the residue pitch changes in experiment 1 could be accounted for by pitch changes induced in the pure‐tone components. Results indicated that changes induced in pure‐tone components were too small to account for the residue shift magnitudes found in experiment 1. These results support an independence of residue pitch from the pitches of the pure‐tone components. Results also supported pitch extractor specialization for a particular ear of stimulus presentation.
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A signal‐detection‐theory measure of pitch shifts in sinusoids (A)

Walt Jesteadt and Donna L. Neff

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 70, Issue S1, pp. S28-S29 (1981); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Traditionally, pitch shifts associated with changes in the intensity of sinusoids have been measured using the method of adjustment. The resulting pitch matches often show great variability within listeners and large differences across listeners. To demonstrate an alternative approach, we measured frequency discrimination at 250 and 4000 Hz for three listeners using a 2IFC procedure with intensity differences between intervals and no feedback. Pitch shifts associated with the intensity differences result in better frequency discrimination performance (when the shift adds to the frequency difference), poorer performance (when the shift subtracts from the frequency difference), or a response bias (when both frequencies are shifted and the frequency difference is unchanged). Identical estimates of the pitch shift in Hz can be derived from either the performance or response‐bias effect using standard signal‐detection theory assumptions and information about the psychometric function. In agreement with the literature, these estimates indicate that pitch increases as a function of intensity at 4000 Hz and is nonmonotonic as a function of intensity at 250 Hz. Pitch matches obtained with the method of adjustment show a similar pattern with smaller pitch shifts. [Work supported by NIH and NSF.]
Part 1
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Pitch salience of various complex sounds (A)

Adrianus J. M. Houtsma

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 70, Issue S1, pp. S29-S29 (1981); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Pitch properties have been reported in the literature for a variety of different sounds. The relative salience of several of these pitch effects was examined through an open‐set melody dictation test using several musically trained subjects. The task was to identify on each trial all the notes of a four‐note melody, randomly selected from an eight‐note diatonic major scale (do‐do), by playing them back on a keyboard. The sounds included pure tones, three‐tone complexes of random simultaneous and of random time‐sequential harmonics, echoed pulses, sinusoidally modulated noise, and 400‐Hz wide bandpass noise. Pitch salience was measured by the correlation between the (quantified) melody and response patterns. For pure tones, a criterion of better than 90% correlation determined the fitness of a subjects for this experiment. Measured correlation values ranged from near 100% for pure tones or complexes of simultaneous harmonics to about 50% for complexes of time‐sequential harmonics, with intermediate values for the other sounds. Pros and cons of the dictation method are discussed. [Work supported by NIH, Grant NS 11680.]
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Similarity judgments of pitch: A test of octave equivalence (A)

Howard J. Kallman

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 70, Issue S1, pp. S29-S29 (1981); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Octave equivalence refers to the musical equivalence of notes separated by one or more octaves; such notes are assigned the same note name in the musical scale. The present series of experiments was an attempt to determine whether octave equivalence would be incorporated into subjects' similarity ratings of pairs of tones or tone sequences. In the first experiment, subjects on each trial rated the similarity of two successively presented tones. The results failed to show evidence of octave equivalence. In the second experiment, subjects rated the similarities of pairs of successive intervals. It was thought that the use of successive intervals would evoke a “musical set” and might result in octave equivalence effects. The results provided some evidence of octave equivalence although the effect was not great. The range of pitch values presented and the musical context were manipulated in subsequent experiments. Octave equivalence effects were most apparent given a musical context and a restricted range of pitch values. The implications of these results for music perception research will be discussed.
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Effect upon intensity and low frequencies due to a sound moat in the new Chapel/Recital Hall at the Interlochen Center for the Arts (A)

George Mulder

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 70, Issue S1, pp. S29-S29 (1981); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 Aug 2005

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Graphic results of a study of the application of music‐acoustical principles in the low frequencies of pipe ranks in the Aeolian‐Skinner Organ of the new Dendrinos Chapel/Recital Hall of the Interlochen Center for the Arts. The effect upon pitch and timbre as well as the intensity and frequency resulting from the sound moat under the stage of the new structure reveals a reassessment of physical features and psychological responses in musical understanding. However the direct acoustical estimations and provisions agree with earlier assumptions, especially J. F. Schouten's “subjective tones.”
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