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Nov 1980

Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S1-S116

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back to top Session XX. Physiological Acoustics VI: Studies of Animal Auditory Behavior
Contributed Papers
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Representation of sound pressure and particle motion information in the midbrain of the goldfish (A)

Richard R. Fay, Kim M. Bolan, and Cynthia M. Hillery

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S96-S96 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) recorded in and near the torus semicircularis of the goldfish midbrain using multiple electrodes were used to measure relative sensitivity to low (head vibrations) and high (loudspeaker stimulation) impedance acoustic signals before and after swimbladder deflation. The peak‐peak voltage of AEPs elicited by 100 ms tone bursts (5 ms rise‐fall times) were measured as a function of stimulus amplitude and frequency between 0.07 and 1 kHz. Swimbladder deflation caused a loss in sound pressure sensitivity (20–50 dB) which occurred across all frequencies tested approximately equally, and a small increase in vibration sensitivity particularly at low frequencies. Variation in sensitivity, frequency response, the slopes of input‐output functions, the ratios between pressure and vibratory sensitivity, and changes in sensitivity following swimbladder deflation varied with electrode location. The goldfish midbrain is clearly not homogeneous with respect to auditory response. Several lines of evidence point to spatial separation of areas for processing sound pressure and motional stimulus parameters, and to interactions between them. [Work supported by NIH Grants 5R01NS15268 and 1K04NS00479.]
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Forward masking and suppression in the midbrain of an anuran (A)

Cynthia M. Hillery and Richard R. Fay

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S96-S96 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) recorded in the torus semi‐circularis of the southern grey treefrog were used as a measure of forward masking and two‐tone suppression. These experiments demonstrate the value of the AEP as a measure of acoustic response in complex stimulus situations. A series of functions were generated by measuring the peak‐peak potential produced by a probe tone relative to: (1) the sound pressure level (SPL) of the probe tone, (2) frequency of a forward masking tone at a given SPL, (3) frequency of a “suppressor” tone simultaneously presented with the masking tone at a given SPL, and (4) the cessation of a simultaneous masking tone during continued stimulation by the probe tone (“off” response). The effects of maskers of differing duration and variable intervals between masker and probe tones were also investigated. Preliminary results show that the midbrain AEP can produce reliable forward masking “tuning” curves which resemble those from peripheral fibers innervating both the amphibian and basilar papillae. Further, both paradigms for measuring the two‐tone suppression effects in the midbrain (3) and (4) give results which are consistent with results from eighth nerve single unit studies in other anuran species.
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Neurophysiological mechanisms of temporal discrimination in the goldfish (A)

Richard R. Fay and Betty Passow

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S96-S96 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Following the observation that phase‐locking error in auditory neurons accounts for pure tone frequency discrimination behavior in the goldfish (R. Fay, Nature 275, 320–322), it was hypothesized that temporal discrimination using a broad class of quasiperiodic signals could be similarly explained. Temporal discrimination was studied psychophysically by classically conditioning goldfish to suppress respiration when presented with a slow sinusoidal change in the modulation rate (fm) of sinusoidally amplitude modulated (SAM) signals. The jnd for modulation period (ΔP ms) was measured as a function of fm (20–200 Hz) and of modulation depth, m, (100%‐6.25%), for 800‐Hz tone and noise carriers at 35 dB SL. Modulation period histograms were obtained for 60 auditory (saccular) neurons in response to the same set of SAM signals used in the psychophysical studies. For all modulated signals, the psychophysical ΔPs were linearly related to period histogram variance, indicating that measures of temporal neural error can predict temporal discriminability for a wide range of quasiperiodic signals. However, these results did not conform to the prediction from pure tone studies that ΔP is a linear function of the standard deviation of neural error. [Work supported by NIH grants 5 R01 NS 15268 and 1 K04 NS 00479.]
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Lateralization of high‐frequency noise with interaural time delays by monkeys (M. nemestrina) (A)

Dirk Houben and George Gourevitch

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S96-S96 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Monkeys were trained to listen to a diotic burst of noise followed, after a brief silence, by a dichotic burst of interaurally delayed noise. The monkey was rewarded for responding on the left lever when the dichotic noise burst was leading at the left ear, and on the right lever when the dichotic noise burst was leading at the right ear. The magnitude of the binaural time differences and the side of the leading ear were selected at random from trial to trial. Interaural time delay threshold was taken as the delay correctly lateralized on 75% of the trials. Monkeys were tested with four noise bandwidths (100 to 800 Hz) centered at 2, 2.8, and 4.0 kHz. The obtained time difference thresholds are greater for noise bands centered at 4 than at 2 kHz, and tend to decrease with increasing bandwidth. Thus monkeys, in addition to lateralizing interaurally delayed pure tones up to 2 kHz [Houben and Gourevitch, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 66, 1057–1063 (1979)], can lateralize delayed noise bands centered at higher frequencies. This cue, as suggested for man, may contribute to localization. [This research was supported by NSF Grant No. BNS‐7915834.]
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Diminution of vocal response in treefrogs due to the presence of masking noise (A)

Peter M. Narins

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S97-S97 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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The neotropical treefrog, Eleutherodactylus coqui produces a two‐note advertisement call: the first (Co) note plays a role in spacing of calling males and the second (Qui) note serves to attract conspecific females [P.M. Narins, and R. R. Capranica, J. Comp. Physiol. 127, 1–9 (1978)]. Acoustic playback experiments were performed in which simulated Co notes were presented to isolated calling males in their natural habitat. When presented with a Co note stimulus at an appropriate level, males produced a characteristic one‐note response. This response could be totally suppressed by the simultaneous addition of broad‐band masking noise. The noise levels necessary for total suppression of the one‐note response increased with the stimulus level required to evoke a threshold response. In some cases, wide‐band noise of low to moderate levels significantly increased the one‐note response rate of a particular male. In another experiment, noise of various bandwidths geometrically centered around 1 kHz, and with total noise power held constant, was added to a Co note of fixed level and presented to a calling male. The average one‐note response rate for all males tested was an increasing function of noise bandwidth, for a constant S/N ratio at the animal. Thus the noise energy was more effective at masking when concentrated in a narrow band around the stimulus tone.
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Behavioral response of treefrogs to low level sound stimuli (A)

Randy D. Zelick and Peter M. Narins

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S97-S97 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Acoustic avoidance behavior was demonstrated in a natural population of the neetropical treefrog Eleutherodactylus coqui. An electronically synthesized mimic of the two‐note advertisement call, or a single tone of 100‐ms duration, were both effective in eliciting a suppression in spontaneous calling during the 10 to 250 ms directly following the end of the stimulus. The duration of the call suppression zone following a 100‐ms tone was found to be frequency and level dependent. By adjusting these two parameters, it was possible to determine the threshold for acoustic avoidance at different frequencies in the range of 230 to 3420 Hz. Pooled data from 13 frogs (147 frequency‐intensity pairs) were used to construct a behavioral audiogram for this species. Tones of 605 to 2000 Hz were uniformly above threshold when presented at a level of 60 to 70 dB SPL. Below 665 Hz, threshold dropped at 14 dB per octave to a maximum sensitivity of 41 dB SPL at 230 Hz. Tones of 3420 Hz (approximately the third harmonic of the first note of the advertisement call) failed to elicit a response even at high levels (over 81 dB SPL in one case). In a second type of experiment, 1 to 2 s duration single tone stimuli were presented. These were spaced at the frog's spontaneous call interval (2 to 3 s). In every case (7 animals), the frog redistributed his calls in time such that they fell almost exclusively within the brief time window between tone bursts, thereby avoiding overlap with the tone. The average background noise level at the frog's calling site was 39 dB SPL at 500 Hz, 59 dB SPL at 1000 Hz, and 66 dB SPL at 2000 Hz. Thus the avoidance behavior is observed at stimulus levels barely exceeding the noise floor of the frog's environment.
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Altitudinal differences in the call note intensities of the treefrog, Eleutherodactylus coqui (A)

Peter M. Narins and Daniel D. Hurley

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S97-S97 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Peak sound levels were measured of the two‐note advertisement call of male treefrogs (E. coqui) from populations at two altitudes in the Puerto Rican rain forest. The measurements were made at 50 cm directly in front of a calling male using a one‐third octave filter with center frequencies of 1000 and 2000 Hz corresponding to the frequencies of the first (Co) and second (Qui) call notes. Body sizes were also measured. It was found that snout‐vent lengths of males from the high site (700 m) were significantly greater (P < 0.001) than those of males from the low site: (350 m). Body size was then correlated with the intensities of the Co and Qui notes in the two populations. At the high site, larger males produced more intense Co and Qui notes than smaller males. At the low site, Co note intensity was proportional to body size but Qui note intensity was independent of it. The high site population with its larger males, produced a mean Co note intensity of 92 dB SPL vs 84 dB SPL for the low site population. In contrast, the Qui notes of males from the two sites were similar in average intensity (97 dB SPL for the low site vs 100 dB SPL for the high site). It is known that the density of calling males is greater at the low site than at the high site. Since the Co note is used by males to indicate their calling location to other males, we suggest that frogs from the low site produce a less intense Co note to accommodate their higher population density.
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Biosonar interpulse interval as an indicator of attending distance in Tursiops truncatus (A)

R. H. Penner and J. Kadane

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S97-S97 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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In a biosonar detection study, the relationship between interpulse interval lengths and calculated acoustical two‐way travel time was found to describe an attending distance appropriate to the distance between the animal and the target. Two bottlenosed dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, were conditioned via differential reinforcement to utilize biosonar to detect and report the presence or absence of a stimulus cylinder presented randomly with 0.5 a priori probability of occurrence. Five stimulus distances of 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 m were tested, each completed before progression to the next distance. Data were generated from a minimum of 1 300 interpulse intervals for the two stimulus conditions at the five detection distances. The Morozov effect of two‐way travel time plus an additional 2 to 20 ms between outgoing pulses was clearly shown. Pulse train intervals from correct detections and correct rejections show marked similarity to each other and specific to each test distance. The distance of the attending area of cylinder absent trials is essentially identical to the attending distance of cylinder present trials, showing surprising specificity and parsimony in attending to an area of interest.
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The effects of extended reinforcement schedules on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of an echolocating bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) (A)

A. Earl Murchison and S. A. Patterson

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S97-S98 (1980); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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A bottlenose dolphin was conditioned to report via two manipulanda the presence or absence of a solid steel sphere suspended 80 cm beneath the water's surface, 7 m (minimum) from his position. The dolphin's biosonar target detection and trained binary reporting behavior were tested utilizing variable primary reinforcement schedules (VR) from VR1 (fish reward every correct response) to VR100 (fish reward on one trial, randomly selected from 100 trials). Tests were also conducted with a fixed reinforcement schedule (FR) of FR100 (6.8 kg of fish reward after correctly responding on the last trial of a 100‐trial session). The probability of target presentation was 0.50 for all schedules tested and the number and amount of reinforcement was kept equal for “present” and “absent” responses during all tests. The dolphin's ROC remained essentially unchanged and Neyman‐Pearson at all reinforcement schedules. However, if reinforcement was kept at the more extended schedules (VR20 to VR100 and FR100) for more than eight consecutive 100‐trial sessions all responses became “target‐absent.” Response topography clearly showed the difference between detection and response bias.
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Echolocation sameness‐difference discrimination by the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) (A)

Paul E. Nachtigall and Sue A. Patterson

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S98-S98 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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A dolphin was trained to differentially respond to two simultaneously presented stimulus objects depending on whether the objects were identical or different. The development of the concept of sameness‐difference was then examined by successively presenting novel stimuli. Once these transfer tests indicated concept development, concept formation was tested by presenting two pairs of novel stimuli. Following the successful completion of this test, sensory information was limited to the echolocation modality by requiring the animal to wear rubber eyecups. Animal performance continued at a high level and two further transfer tests were conducted, each with two novel stimulus pairs. Performance on the first test initially declined to below 70%, but rapidly recovered. Performance on the second test indicated perfect transfer with initial performance levels at 100%. All stimuli were constructed to be aspect independent and differences between pairs were made as obvious as possible by varying size, shape, and materials. Reflective characteristics were examined for both target strength and frequency cues using a monostatic sonar measurement system projecting a simulated dolphin echolocation pulse.
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Hearing levels of guinea pigs exposed to elevated noise levels in utero (A)

R. O. Cook, T. Konishi, A. N. Salt, and C. W. Hamm

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S98-S98 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Pregnant guinea pigs were exposed to loom room noise at 115 dBA SPL for 7.5 h per day for various periods during the last trimester of pregnancy. When the hearing of their offspring was tested by brain stem evoked response techniques at 6‐dB intervals, 5th peak latencies of exposed pups were found to be significantly longer than those of otherwise similar control pups. The latency differences corresponded to some 5 dB at medium levels and 10–12 dB near threshold. The results indicate that it is possible for noise‐induced hearing loss to occur in utero in mammals whose auditory maturation process is complete, or nearly so, before birth.
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Effects of noise on infant and adult guinea pigs (A)

Joseph Danto

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S98-S98 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Six infant guinea pigs were subdivided into a control group (no noise exposure) and infant exposed group (exposed at 2 days) and an adult exposed group (exposed at 2 months). 4 kHz narrow band exposure doses of 1 h at 115 dB SPL were presented to the two experimental groups. A conditioned suppression technique used to measure thresholds revealed a significantly greater loss for the infant exposed subjects than either the control or adult exposed subjects. The current project added hair cell counts to the behavioral data using surface preparation techniques. All hair cell counts were taken after greater than two months post trauma. Although the number of subjects may be small, consistent trends in the data suggest a significantly greater susceptibility of the infant ear over that of the adult ear. These trends would suggest concern about the definitions of hazardous noise level doses for this population.
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The speed of sound as a function of temperature in mammalian tissue (A)

Richard L. Nasoni, Theodore Bowen, Mark W. Dewhirst, Howard B. Roth, and Robert Premovich

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S98-S98 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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The speed of sound in mammalian (canine) tissue was measured as a function of temperature to determine whether these measurements have the stability, repeatability, and freedom from artifact to qualify speed as a scan parameter in a CT ultrasound thermal mapping system. Measurements were made over temperatures ranging from 38° to 45°C on canine tissues both in vitro and in vivo using a 5‐MHz pulse transmission velocimeter. 25 in vitro and 14 in vivo runs were made on kidney, liver, spleen, muscle, stomach, and blood. For in vitro runs, the fractions of water, lipid, collagen, and protein in the insonified volumes were determined. Speed was fit to a linear regression model on these components and temperatures. Conclusions are: (1) the speed of sound as a function of temperature can be measured in vivo with stability and freedom from artifact, (2) lack of repeatability from tissue to tissue makes speed an improbable thermal scan parameter; however, (3) because of repeatability in slope, the temperature coefficient of ultrasound may have possible use in thermal dosimetry.
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