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Nov 1980

Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S1-S116

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back to top Session FF. Psychological Acoustics V. (Poster Session)
Contributed Papers
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Aural discrimination of target echoes in white noise by human observers using broadband sonar pulses (A)

Douglas W. Martin and Whitlow W. L. Au

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S57-S57 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Sonar echo‐discrimination performances were measured as a function of S/N with three human observers. Targets included hollow cylinders of aluminum and glass having diameters of 3.81 and 7.62 cm, and a solid 7.62‐cm aluminum cylinder. The subjects were required to discriminate between the 7.62‐cm solid and hollow aluminum cylinders, and between the hollow aluminum and glass cylinders. Digital recordings of target echoes were obtained using dolphin‐like echolocation signals, and played back to the subjects at math of the original sample rate. The slope of the psychometric function for the solid‐hollow discrimination was approximately 2.2% correct/dB, and between 0.7 and 1.3% correct/dB for the hollow aluminum‐glass discrimination. The average 75% correct response threshold occurred at a S/N of 22 dB for the solid‐hollow discrimination, and at 42 dB for the 7.62‐cm hollow aluminum‐glass discrimination. The S/N for 75% detection of the 7.62‐cm hollow aluminum cylinder was 11 dB for one of the subjects, indicating that the above discriminations required considerably higher S/N than detection.
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Synthesized propfan interior noise (A)

Thomas K. Dempsey, Kevin P. Shepherd, and David G. Stephens

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S57-S57 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Recent fuel‐conservation measures have led to increased interest in propeller‐driven aircraft for commuter as well as long‐haul applications. The increased fuel efficiency of these vehicles could be offset, however, if passenger acceptance necessitates increased aircraft weight for purposes of noise reduction. Thus, a laboratory investigation was conducted to describe passenger acceptance criteria for the interior noise environment of these vehicles, and as a corollary, to assess the validity of various noise descriptors or metrics for quantifying the interior noise environment. The investigation was conducted in the passenger ride‐quality simulator located at the NASA‐Langley Research Center. The tests involved a total of 96 subjects which evaluated synthesized propeller noises using a nine‐point discomfort category scale. The sounds consisted of a turbulent boundary‐layer noise with a factorial combination of blade passage frequencies (50, 80, 100, 125, and 200 Hz), harmonic rolloffs (0 and 10 dB harmonic), tone/noise ratios (0, 10, and 20 dB), and noise levels (85, 90, 95, and 100 dB). The results indicate that noise‐level and blade‐passage frequency are the primary noise characteristics that determine passenger reaction. Although A‐weighted noise level was determined to be the most accurate predictor, additions of up to 8 dB (Corrections) were required in some cases to fully account for passenger reactions.
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Effects of conversation interference on annoyance due to aircraft noise (A)

Kelli F. Key and Clemans A. Powell

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S57-S57 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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The annoyance and interference effects of aircraft flyover noise on face‐to‐face conversation were investigated. Twenty 5‐rain sessions of three flyovers for each session were presented to each of 20 pairs of female subjects in a simulated living room. Flyovers varied in noise level (55–79 dB A‐weighted) and spectrum (low‐or high‐frequency components). Subjects engaged in conversation for 10 sessions and in reverie for the other 10 sessions, and completed subjective ratings following every session. The ratings concerned the annoyance of the noise, the difficulty of conversing in the noise, and acceptability of the noise for conversation. Conversation interference was defined as an increase in vocal effort or cessation of talking during flyovers for each session. Annoyance was affected by noise level, but was not significantly different for the activities—reverie and conversation. A noise level of 77 dB (A‐weighted) was found to be unacceptable for conversation by 50% of the subjects. Furthermore, conversation‐interferance measures did not improve prediction of individual annoyance judgments.
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Phase‐ and group‐velocities of acoustics waves around a sphere simulating the human head (A)

G. C. Gaunaurd and George F. Kuhn

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S57-S57 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Phase‐derived interaural time differences (ITD) have been determined previously [G. F. Kuhn, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, 157–167 (1977)] for steady‐state sinusoids. It has been speculated (e.g.. J. Blauert or E. A. G. Shaw, Sound Localization Symposium, University of Guelph, Canada, 1979) that localization of signals, more complex than pure tones, is based on the interaural group‐delay rather than on the phase‐derived ITD. Therefore, phase‐ and group‐velocities have been calculated for the first five acoustic modes “creeping” around the perimeter of spheres, assumed rigid, between 0.4  ⩽  ka  ⩽  25.0 , where “K” is the wavenumber and “a” is the radius of the sphere. The group velocities for all modes are zero at ka = 0.0. The group velocities for the first, second, and third mode are approximately 0.92, 0.72, and 0.63 of the ambient speed of sound, respectively, at ka = 2.0. Further results comparing interaural group‐delayed time differences to phase‐derived ITDs will be presented.
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Field testing of earplugs for noise reduction using a supra‐threshold procedure (A)

Roy M. Fleming

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S57-S57 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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A new procedure for testing the noise reduction of earplug hearing protectors in the field was developed and evaluated. The new procedure involves a midline lateralization (ML) technique that is similar to loudness balancing. Advantages of the new procedure include elimination of the need for a special test space with very low ambient‐noise levels, short test time, and probable avoidance of interference from physiological noise that may be present in hearing‐threshold testing. This procedure provides a means of monitoring hearing protectors to help ensure adequate noise reduction for individuals working in noisy occupations. Noise reduction was measured for two models of earplugs. Subjects were scheduled for test sessions and were asked to insert their earplugs as they normally did on their jobs. Values of noise reduction from the scheduled tests ranged from 0–35 dB and 45 dB for the two models of earplugs. Noise reduction results by the ML procedure agreed well with results by a hearing threshold‐shift procedure. [Supported by NIOSH while at Harvard School of Public Health.]
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Effect of hearing protectors on thresholds of machinery cues in noise (Experiment 1: Naive subjects) (A)

David R. Lambert

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S57-S58 (1980); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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The effect of hearing protectors on the masked threshold of specific shipboard machinery sounds (cues) in several kinds of shipboard background noise was investigated in a laboratory experiment. On the average, hearing protectors raised the masked threshold. The amount of this decrease in sensitivity depended upon the specific cue, the type of background noise, and the individual subject. [Work sponsored by the Naval Sea Systems Command.]
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Modification of electrostatic headphones for electrophysiological investigations (A)

David Talkin, John Heinz, and Steffi Resnick

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S58-S58 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Investigations which require measurement of auditory‐evoked potentials at the human scalp typically require acquisition and averaging of submicrovolt signals. Stimulus‐related electric and magnetic fields present in the vicinity of the recording electrodes induce potentials which add to and frequently confound observation of the electrophysiological response of interest. This effect is especially troublesome when the stimulus duration is greater than the response latency. Use of a remote transducer operating in free field or through an acoustic transmission line avoids the stimulus artifact but reduces experimental control of the acoustic stimuli. This paper describes modification of a set of commercially available electrostatic headphones (Koss ESP‐9). The modified phones are shown to produce a minimal stimulus artifact while maintaining the acoustic characteristics of the original ESP‐9 phones. The capabilities and limitations of the modified phones in the context of psychoacoustic and electrophysiological experimental situations will be discussed. [Work supported in part by Biomedical Research Support Grant (RR‐05808) to John F. Kennedy Institute: NIH.]
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Comprehensive measurements of the characteristics of compression hearing aids (A)

Edwin D. Burnett and Lucille B. Beck

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S58-S58 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Current standardized methods for the measurement of hearing‐aid performance (Specification of Hearing Aid Characteristics, S3.22‐1976, American National Standards Institute, New York) call for the measurement of two special characteristics of compression hearing aids, namely the dynamic and input‐output characteristics, at 2 kHz. A more thorough characterization of compression hearing aids requires measurements at more than one volume‐control setting to determine if the compression is controlled by the input or output signal. Also useful are random‐noise transfer functions and transmissibility measurements to determine the response to multifrequency signals, input‐output characteristics at several frequencies to determine the compression behavior in various frequency bands, and correlation coefficients to examine the influence of nonlinearities and internal noise in the hearing aid upon its performance. Measurements of these parameters are shown at two volume‐control settings for several commercially available hearing aids and their general applicability is discussed. [Work supported by the Veterans Administration.]
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Predicting effects of spectral shaping on speech recognition of hearing‐impaired listeners (A)

Candace A. Kamm, Donald D. Dirks, and Edward C. Carterette

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S58-S58 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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The effects of spectral modification on speech recognition were investigated for sensorineural listeners: One group with flat audiometric configuration and a second group with sharply‐sloping high‐frequency hearing loss. Three spectral shapes were tested: Uniform frequency gain, high‐pass filtering, and a response shaped relative to loudness discomfort levels. Performance‐intensity functions were measured at four levels (from 80–95 dB SPL) using the CUNY Nonsense Syllable Test (NST) and the Synthetic Sentence Identification task (SSI), both presented monaurally under earphones against a background of multitalker babble. No significant differences in performance on the NST were observed between the two subject groups across all spectral shapes and presentation levels. On the SSI, performance of subjects with flat audiometric configuration was highest using the uniform frequency response, while performance of listeners with sloping hearing loss was poorest for the uniform spectral shape. The recognition data were compared with predictions of relative performance using a modification of the Articulation Index. The AI provided accurate estimates of relative performance across spectral shapes, but were not consistent with relative performance as a function of presentation level. [Work supported by NIH.]
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Speech perception through various signal processings (A)

Igor Nábĕlek, W. Scott Wood, and Kazurani J. M. Koike

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S58-S58 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Modified rhyme test (MRT) and the City University of New York nonsense syllables test (CUNY) were recorded through various speech processings: (1) amplitude compression for a 10:1 compression ratio (CR) with attack and release times 10 and 90 ms, respectively; (2) amplitude compression plus two types of peak clippings (CLIP); (3) amplitude compression plus high‐frequency emphasis (HFE) with different attack and release times; and (4) three‐channel multiband compression (MBC) in which the CR in each channel was adjusted on the basis of the subject's dynamic range. The compression threshold was set 25 dB below the average maximum RMS level of the vowels of test items in the MRT or CUNY. The processed signal was amplified with individually adjusted frequency responses and delivered to the listeners via a circumaural earphone. The presentation of speech was always at the comfortable level for each individual listener. All the testings were done in quiet. The MRT mean scores in percent correct did not differ among test conditions. The CUNY mean scores in percent correct were 8% higher on the average for compression or compression plus CLIP, 8% lower on the average for compression plus HFE, and about the same for MBC in comparison to the reference score for no compression (CR = 1). The results of the statistical analysis will be presented. [Work supported by NIH NS 12946.]
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Investigating a tactile speechreading aid: Transmission of prosodic information in connected discourse and sentences (A)

Ken W. Grant, Patricia K. Kuhl, LeeAnn H. Ardell, David W. Sparks, and Bryce Carey

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S58-S58 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Variations in the voice‐fundamental frequency were extracted from naturally produced samples of connected discourse and sentence materials and were transmitted to an electrocutaneous, forearm display that consisted of 10 electrodes in a linear array. Changes in fundamental frequency were encoded as changes in stimulus location. The rate of speechreading with and without the aid was examined for both kinds of stimulus materials with one profoundly hearing‐impaired listener and one normal listener who was artificially deafened. Listeners were tested in a connected‐discourse tracking procedure for a minimum of 20 hr. Results demonstrated that subjects' tracking rates with the aid were substantially higher than without the aid. Results from the sentence‐discrimination tests revealed that aspects of sentence intonation, stress, and rhythm, which are not easily speechread, are readily available with the aid. [Partially supported by NIH.]
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Development of a model for generating synthetic animated lip shapes (A)

Allen A. Montgomery

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S58-S59 (1980); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Progress is reported on a project aimed at developing the capability to synthesize realistic animations of the visible aspects of speech for the purpose of studying lip reading. An intelligent graphics system's CRT is programmed to display animated images through presenting sequences of static lip shapes. Previously it had been demonstrated that hand‐copied, frame‐by‐frame tracings of talkers on videotape were intelligible to lip readers when redisplayed as sequences of 130‐vector frames at 30 fps, and further that linear interpolation between initial and final tracings produced smoother and equally intelligible stimuli. The current model for synthesizing CVCVC stimuli from a limited set of primative shapes is described, and includes an approximation to forward and backward coarticulation and nonlinear interpolation between derived shapes. The results of lip‐reading intelligibility testing are presented, the strengths and weaknesses of the model are discussed and comparisons to other possible generation stratatgies are made. [Work‐supported by Clinical Investigation Service, WRAMC.]
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Extraction of spectral pitch information from auditory patterns as a function of pattern duration (A)

J. D. Gilliom, V. Wollverton, and S. M. Wall

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S59-S59 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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The ability to extract specific pitch information from one tone part of a musical chord might reasonably be expected to depend on the duration of that chord. The purpose of the current study was to explore this relationship. The observer was required to perform a mortaural detection task where the frequency of a signal event was randomly varied from trial to trial. On each trial, a cue matching the frequency of the signal event was presented in the contralateral earphone channel prior to the detection interval. Previous studies in this series have established the observer's ability to use the pitch information from this cue to reinstate detection performance to normal levels. In this study, two variables were manipulated. The first variable was (1) whether the duration of the cue was randomly varied across trims or (2) whether cue duration was varied across blocks of trials but fixed in duration within a block. The second variable was whether the cue was one tone part of a three‐element musical chord or presented alone. A comparison of performance in the resulting four experimental conditions suggests that pitch extraction from auditory patterns is most demanding for pattern durations under 100 ms. However, if an observer knows what pattern duration to expect, extraction of relevant pitch information from the embedded cue can reach the levels realized with the cue presented in isolation, even for short pattern durations.
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Played‐again SAM (A)

Edwards M. Burns, Bradford Garton, and Neal F. Viemeister

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S59-S59 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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The weak pitch‐like sensation elicited by sinusoidally amplitude‐modulated (SAM) wideband noise remains a controversial phenomenon. The controversy centers on two major points: (1) whether this sensation is “really” pitch rather than, e.g., roughness or intermittency, and (2) the possibility that any pitch sensation is mediated by short‐term spectral information rather than temporal information—thus nullifying the interesting aspect of the phenomenon. We will report on the results of a number of studies employing SAM wideband noise, SAM wideband noise bandpass‐filtered after modulation, and a SAM 10‐kHz pure tone, including: Open‐set melody identification, melodic dictation, and musical‐interval adjustment. These experiments extend our earlier study [Burns and Viemeister, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 863 (1976)]. The results provide further evidence that SAM wideband noise can, at suitable modulation frequencies, elicit a sensation of pitch (as defined by the ability to carry melodic information) and that this pitch represents a purely temporal phenomenon. [Research supported by NINCDS.]
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Effects of signal phase on the detection of tonal signals in the presence of repeatable noise maskers (A)

R. H. Gilkey, T. E. Hanna, and D. E. Robinson

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S59-S59 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Detection of a 500‐Hz tonal signal masked by 25 samples of reproducible Gaussian noise was investigated. The starting‐phase angle of the signal was varied systematically. For diotic (N0S0) presentations and fixed signal phase, large differences in hit and false‐alarm rates were found across samples. The false‐alarm rates for individual samples remained relatively constant when the starting phase of the signal was varied. Hit rates for individual samples were found to be a cyclic function of the signal phase. Although the magnitude of this effect varies across samples, in some cases the hit rate changes from near zero to near unity when the signal phase is shifted by 180°. These changes in hit rate correlate well with changes in the stimulus energy near Ire signal frequency. However, similar spectral analyses have thus far proven unsuccessful in predicting false alarm rates. These diotic results will be compared to results obtained under equivalent dichotic (NOS π) conditions. The importance of these results for various models of monaural and binaural detection will be discussed.
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Lateralization of click trains having opposing interaural differences of time for the initial and succeeding clicks (A)

Elizabeth M. Wenzel and Raymond H. Dye

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S59-S59 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Subjects lateralized trains of dichotic clicks presented in a configuration where the interaural difference of time contained in the first dichotic pair (IDT1) was in opposition to the differences of time in the remaining clicks (IDTR). The clicks were bandpass filtered at 5 kHz and presented at a rate of 200 Hz. The number of clicks in the trains was 2, 4, 8, or 16. The percentage of responses consistent with IDT [P(c)ONSET] was plotted as a function of IDTR for IDT1 = 100, 200, and 400 μs. As IDTR was increased to approximately 400 μs, the P(c)ONSET fell to some minimum dependent upon the value of IDT1. As IDTR was increased further, P(c)ONSET rose again until it reached a level equivalent to that achieved with IDTR = 0. With longer click trains (8 and 16) the minimum P(c)ONSET reached 0, often for several values of IDTR. These functions can be thought of as mapping out the salience of onset cues as the ongoing information is strengthened, either by increasing the size of IDTR or adding additional samples.
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Effects of spectral overlap on the discrimination of the temporal order of tone pairs (A)

W. J. Kelly and C. S. Watson

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S59-S59 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Observers were asked to discriminate the temporal order of two tones with frequencies 550 Hz and (550 + ΔF) Hz. The interval between the tones was 5 ms. Tones were of equal duration, were linearly gated with 2.5 ms rise/decay, and were presented at 75 dB SPL. The psychophysical method was a modified two‐alternative‐forced‐choice procedure in which the stimulus sequence designated as the “signal” was presented before each pair of observation intervals. Tone durations were varied according to a transformed‐up‐down adaptive rule (Levitt, 1971) which converged on the durations required for 71% correct responses. Testing was done primarily for frequency separations of ΔF = 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 Hz. Results indicate that for the frequency separations used, observers require tone durations which result in a constant amount of spectral overlap. For example, frequency differences of 10 and 40 Hz result in tone durations of 20 and 8 ms, respectively, to maintain 71% correct responses. Introduction of 100‐ms leading and trailing tones at the geometric mean of the target‐tone frequencies yields marked increases in tone‐duration thresholds, with the degrading effect of the trailer alone nearly as large as that of the leader and trailer combination. [Work supported by NIH.]
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Comparison of interaural time and amplitude jnds in noise (A)

Marion F. Cohen and Janet Koehnke

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S60-S60 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Interaural time jnds and interaural amplitude jnds for a 500‐Hz sinusoid were measured in the presence of either perfectly correlated noise (M0), negatively correlated noise (Mn), or no additional noise using a 21FC adaptive procedure. The correlated noise was presented at a level which would produce a 30‐dB threshold shift and this level was maintained for the negatively correlated noise condition. Signal levels in the noise were 10, 20, 30, and 40 dB above detection threshold in the correlated noise (M0S0), and signal levels in quiet were 10, 20, 30, and 40 dB SL. The data indicate that at equal sensation levels, both interaural time and amplitude jnds are smaller when measured against a background of correlated noise than when measured in quiet, and that the largest jnds occur for the negatively correlated noise. Although the differences are greater at low signal levels, they continue to exist at the higher levels for both types of interaural discrimination.
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Interaural time and amplitude discrimination in noise (A)

Janet E. Slocum and Richard M. Stern

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S60-S60 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Just‐noticeable differences (jnds) of interaural time delay (ITD) and interaural amplitude differences (IAD) were measured for 50‐dB SPL 500‐Hz binaural tones in the presence of 100–1000 Hz broadband markers. Data were collected using maskers with various combinations of ITD and IAD. The time and amplitude jnds exhibit similar dependencies on target‐to‐masker ratio, and they vary with masker type in a fashion previously described by Cohen [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 64, S35 (1978)] and Ito et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 65, S121 (1979)]. Many of these data trends are consistent with the predictions of simple models based on the instantaneous interaural time and amplitude differences of the stimuli and their variability. Our model that generates lateral position estimates from operations on auditory nerve activity [Stern and Colburn, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64, 127–140 (1978)] does not accurately describe these results, for reasons at least partly related to inadequacies in its description of the auditory‐nerve response to these stimuli. [Supported by NIH.]
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Interval biases in 3AFC experiments (A)

David M. Johnson, Charles S. Watson, and William J. Kelly

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 68, Issue S1, pp. S60-S60 (1980); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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Performance on several three‐alternative, temporal forced‐choice discrimination tasks (3AFC) was found to vary significantly over the three possible temporal positions of the signal on each trial. First observed in a ten‐tone pattern discrimination task, this temporal‐interval effect was also found to occur in a battery of 22 detecton and discrimination tests, designed for the study of individual differences in auditory capabilities by Johnson, Jensen and Watson [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67, S58 (1980)]. Interval‐specific indices of d′ and β were derived by decomposition of the 3 × 3 stimulus‐by‐response matrices for each task into 2 × 2 matrices. These measures suggest that the temporal‐interval effect is typically the result of a combination of decreased sensitivity in the early intervals and relaxed‐decision criteria for the later ones. Listeners with overall high levels of auditory resolving power in the individual‐differences test battery show the least temporal‐interval effect in 3AFC tasks. This last result suggests a dependence of both overall discrimination performance and the temporal‐interval effects on the relative efficiency of short‐term auditory memory. [Work supported by NIH.]
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