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Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Jun 1978

Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1677-1945

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Acoustically dependent latency shifts of BSER (wave V) in man

Alan J. Klein and Donald C. Teas

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1887-1895 (1978); (9 pages) | Cited 4 times

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The latencies of wave V in Brain Stem Evoked Responses (BSER) elicited by a set of acoustic transients were measured. The stimuli were produced by delivering pulses to two filters, arranged in series. The filters were set so that the maximum acoustic energy in the transients, i.e., filtered clicks, occurred at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, or 8 kHz. The filtered clicks were presented via earphones at a rate of 30/s at 20, 40, or 60 dB HL to ten subjects with normal hearing. The latencies of wave V varied systematically with center frequency of the filtered clicks when they were each at the same HL. Stimuli presented at 40 dB HL produced the greatest opportunity for relating stimulus frequency to latency. The latencies for a smaller set of responses to stimuli presented at 10/s were the same as those for the principal data taken at 30/s. The changes in latency of wave V due to frequency are similar to those observed by other investigators in whole‐nerve responses recorded in man.
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43.64.Ri Evoked responses to sounds
43.64.Qh Electrophysiology of the auditory central nervous system

The influence of middle‐ear muscle contraction on auditory threshold for selected pure tones

Donald E. Morgan, Donald D. Dirks, and Candace Kamm

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1896-1903 (1978); (8 pages)

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The influence of middle‐ear muscle (MEM) contraction on auditory threshold has been measured for pure tones of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.5 kHz. The reflex‐activating signal was a 3‐kHz pure tone. Signal paradigms were chosen to reduce or eliminate the effects of binaural loudness summation, contralateral direct masking, and contralateral remote and backward masking effects, and to maximize the influence of MEM contraction. Results indicate that under no condition was behavioral threshold affected by the MEM contraction induced using a pure‐tone stimulus of 3 kHz, 105 dB SPL.
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43.66.Cb Loudness, absolute threshold
43.64.Ha Acoustical properties of the outer ear; middle-ear mechanics and reflex

Amplitude‐modulated noise: The detection of modulation versus the detection of modulation rate

Roy D. Patterson, David Johnson‐Davies, and Robert Milroy

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1904-1911 (1978); (8 pages) | Cited 13 times

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Modulation threshold, that is, the modulation depth required to discriminate a sample of amplitude‐modulated (AM) noise from a sample of unmodulated noise, was measured as a function of modulation rate (16–320 Hz), modulator waveform (sine or square), and the bandwidth of the AM noise (0.5–8.0 kHz). Modulation threshold increases monotonically with modulation rate, sine‐wave thresholds are greater than square‐wave thresholds, and threshold rises as the bandwith of the AM stimulus decreases. These effects all support the use of some form of energy detection model to explain modulation threshold. The modulation thresholds were compared with pitch thresholds gathered under precisely the same conditions. Pitch threshold or, alternatively, rate threshold was taken to be the modulation depth required to decide which of two samples had the higher modulation rate; the rate difference was 20%—just over three semitones. In the region above about 70 Hz, rate threshold is essentially a constant multiple of modulation threshold, indicating that the primary constraint on rate threshold is the audibility of the modulation. Below 70 Hz, rate and modulation threshold diverge; it is argued that the limit on rate threshold in this region is probably the length of the correlation required to extract the periodicity.
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43.66.Mk Temporal and sequential aspects of hearing; auditory grouping in relation to music
43.66.Hg Pitch
43.66.Ba Models and theories of auditory processes
43.66.Cb Loudness, absolute threshold

Visual‐field displacements in human beings evoked by acoustical transients

D. E. Parker, R. L. Tubbs, and V. M. Littlefield

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1912-1918 (1978); (7 pages) | Cited 1 time

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Sixty‐two of 133 subjects reported visual‐field displacements when they were exposed to intense (125 dB SPL) repetitive audiofrequency transients. This phenomenon was investigated in three experiments. Frequency (100–5000 Hz) was varied in experiment I; repetition rate (0.5/s–6.0/s) was varied in experiment II; acoustical transient onset/offset time (0.2–25 ms) was examined in experiment III. The results of these three experiments indicated that the largest proportion of displacement reports and the largest perceived motion magnitudes followed stimulation in the 500‐ to 1000‐Hz frequency range at repetition rates of about 1/s. Response differences as a function of onset/offset time were erratic. The pattern of results obtained in this study, in conjunction with the results of previous investigations of acoustical vestibular stimulation, suggests that the visual‐field displacements resulted from stimulation of the receptors of the vestibular system. These experiments may account for discrepancies in reports of infrasound‐evoked eye movements. Finally, it is suggested that intense sound exposure may damage the vestibular receptors with or without concomitant damage to the auditory portion of the membranous labyrinth.
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43.80.Jz Use of acoustic energy (with or without other forms) in studies of structure and function of biological systems
43.80.Gx Mechanisms of action of acoustic energy on biological systems: physical processes, sites of action
43.80.Nd Effects of noise on animals and associated behavior, protective mechanisms
43.64.Ri Evoked responses to sounds

High‐precision phase‐velocity measurements utilizing a continuous‐wave feedback technique

K. L. Telschow and J. W. Stasiak

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1919-1922 (1978); (4 pages)

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A common technique for measuring the phase velocity of an acoustic wave under free‐field conditions has been a determination of the phase shift between transmitted and received signals. We report here a modification of this scheme involving the addition of a feedback loop which increases the precision of the absolute velocity measurement. In addition, this technique provides automatic tracking of relative velocity variations with high precision and noise immunity. Measurements illustrating this technique for acoustic waves in thin superfluid helium films are presented with precisions of better than 80 ppm obtained.
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43.58.Mt Phase meters
43.58.Dj Sound velocity

Unconventional reciprocity calibration of transducers

Isadore Rudnick

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1923-1925 (1978); (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

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The procedure for the reciprocity calibration of transducers in unconventional acoustic geometries is described.
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43.38.Ar Transducing principles, materials, and structures: general
43.30.Yj Transducers and transducer arrays for underwater sound; transducer calibration

Poincaré–Lighthill–Kuo method and wave propagation in an inhomogeneous medium

Bhimsen K. Shivamoggi

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1926-1926 (1978); (1 page)

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The following note uses the Poincaré–Lighthill–Kuo method to treat the general problem of wave propagation in an inhomogeneous medium through the model example (due to Lesser [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 47, 1297 (1969)] utt−[1+ϵa (x,t)]2uxx =0, ϵ≪1; u (x,0) =f (x), ut(x,0) =g (x). It is found that (1) the uniformly valid first‐order solution for wave propagation in an inhomogeneous medium is simply the solution corresponding to the wave propagation in a homogeneous medium with the respective characteristic replaced by the characteristic calculated by including the first‐order inhomogeneities in the medium, and (2) for the case a (x,t) ≡1, the first‐order solution turns out to be the exact solution itself.
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43.20.Bi Mathematical theory of wave propagation

Comment on ’’Acoustic diffraction of a plane wave by a semicircular infinite soft strip’’ [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, 250–254 (1977)]

Murlan S. Corrington

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1927-1927 (1978); (1 page)

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The hypergeometric series used in the paper can be summed in closed form.
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43.20.Fn Scattering of acoustic waves

Masking‐level differences for repeated filtered transients

William A. Yost and David Dolan

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1927-1930 (1978); (4 pages)

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Masking‐level differences (MLDs) for repeated high‐pass (2000‐Hz) and low‐pass (2000‐Hz) 100‐μs pulses were obtained as a function of the number of transient repetitions and the repetition rate. MLDs compared to the NoSo condition were obtained for the NoSπ and NoSd binaural configurations (Sd refers to the conditions in which there was a 1.1‐ms interaural delay for the transient signals). MLDs of 11–14 dB were obtained for the low‐pass transients independent of the number of transients, repetition rate, or type of binaural configuration. MLDs of 2–4 dB were obtained for the high‐pass transients only if the transients were repeated 12 or more times. These results for the high‐pass transients did not depend on the repetition rate or type of binaural configuration. The results suggest that high‐frequency binaural auditory channels can process noisy low‐frequency binaural auditory channels can process noisy low‐frequency temporal envelopes, but not as well as low‐frequency channels can process low‐frequency temporal and spectral information.
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43.66.Pn Binaural hearing
43.66.Dc Masking
43.66.Mk Temporal and sequential aspects of hearing; auditory grouping in relation to music

Intensity of guitar playing as a function of auditory feedback

Cynthia Johnson, Herbert L. Pick, Jr., Sharon Garber, and Gerald M. Siegel

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1930-1933 (1978); (4 pages)

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Subjects played an electric guitar while auditory feedback was attenuated or amplified at seven sidetone levels varying in 10‐dB steps around a comfortable listening level. The sidetone signal was presented in quiet (experiment I) and several levels of white noise (experiment II). Subjects compensated for feedback changes, demonstrating a sidetone amplification as well as a Lombard effect. The similarity of these results to those found previously for speech suggests that guitar playing can be a useful analogue for the function of auditory feedback in speech production. Unlike previous findings for speech, the sidetone‐amplification effect was not potentiated by masking, consistent with a hypothesis that potentiation in speech is attributable to interference with bone conduction caused by the masking noise.
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43.70.Bk Models and theories of speech production
43.70.Dn Disordered speech
43.75.De Bowed stringed instruments

Keyboards for pure music

Jan Mycielski

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1933-1935 (1978); (3 pages)

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Let S45 be the set all rational numbers of the form m/n, where m and n are positive integers with mn?45. We define an instrument M with three keyboards I, II, and III. Keyboards I and II permit one to play all consonant chords for which there exists a value ϕ such that the ratio of ϕ to the frequency of each simple tone of the chord belongs to S45. Keyboard II is organized so that pressing the keys on some straight lines yields the consonant chords. Keyboard III controls the quality of tones. The purpose of M is not to perform the music of today, but, hopefully, to inspire a new kind of music.
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43.75.Bc Scales, intonation, vibrato, composition
43.75.Wx Electronic and computer music

General relationships between ultrasonic attenuation and dispersion

M. O’Donnell, E. T. Jaynes, and J. G. Miller

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1935-1937 (1978); (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

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General relationships between the ultrasonic attenuation and dispersion are presented. The validity of these nonlocal relationships hinges only on the properties of causality and linearity, and does not depend upon details of the mechanism responsible for the attenuation and dispersion. Approximate, nearly local relationships are presented and are demonstrated to predict accurately the ultrasonic dispersion in solutions of hemoglobin from the resuts of attenuation measurements.
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43.80.Cs Acoustical characteristics of biological media: molecular species, cellular level tissues
43.35.Bf Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in liquids, liquid crystals, suspensions, and emulsions

A simple ultrasonic transducer for measuring shear‐wave velocities

C. D. Ferris and A. Ambardar

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1937-1938 (1978); (2 pages)

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A fabrication technique for constructing a simple shear‐wave mode ultrasonic transducer is discussed. These transducers have been used successfully in determining the elastic moduli of compact bone.
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43.58.Dj Sound velocity
43.38.Fx Piezoelectric and ferroelectric transducers
43.35.Yb Ultrasonic instrumentation and measurement techniques

Erratum: ’’Radial spatial coherence of sound from a distant source near the ocean surface’’ [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, 1503–1506 (1977)]

P. W. Smith, Jr. and Raya Stern

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1939-1939 (1978); (1 page)

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Abstract Unavailable
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43.30.Ft Volume scattering
43.10.Vx Errata
99.10.Cd Errata

Erratum: ’’Single auditory nerve responses to acoustic and electric stimuli’’ [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, S45(A) (1977)]

D. Strelioff, D. Maceri, D. Paull, and V. Honrubia

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1939-1939 (1978); (1 page)

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Abstract Unavailable
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43.64.Nf Cochlear electrophysiology
43.64.Pg Electrophysiology of the auditory nerve
43.10.Vx Errata
99.10.Cd Errata

Erratum: ’’Standard errors and confidence intervals for measures of sensitivity’’ [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, S25(A) (1977)]

D. D. Dorfman

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1940-1940 (1978); (1 page)

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Abstract Unavailable
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99.10.Cd Errata
43.66.Ba Models and theories of auditory processes
43.66.Yw Instruments and methods related to hearing and its measurement
43.10.Vx Errata
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Aural harmonics: Estimation consistency from tone‐on‐tone masking measurements

T. Dean Clack

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1941-1943 (1978); (3 pages)

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Amplitudes of inaudible “subjective” signals are inferred from tone‐on‐tone masking measurements. Several methodological issues are involved, e.g., the problems of how many and which measurements to include. To explore such sampling questions, sets of masked thresholds using a 250‐Hz masker and a 500‐Hz maskee are determined at various phase angles. These measurements are distributed into subsamples of (n =) 13, 9, 7, 5, or 4 each, and repeated estimates of the second aural harmonic inferred. For n > 4, these estimates averaged to within ± 1 dB of one another, although individual estimates vary considerably with the smaller n's (to 13 dB with n = 4]. Sets of five consecutive measurements also were analyzed when the masker : maskee phase angle was incremented in 90° steps through two complete periods (of the maskee). Again, the reestimates for individuals can vary by at least 6 dB, but the averages over seven subjects remain within 2 dB of each other. Apparently, for n's of six or more, it matters little which masker: maskee phase angles are used to estimate the aural harmonic amplitudes.

Acoustic imaging system

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1943-1944 (1978); (2 pages)

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Abstract Unavailable

The acoustic tape measure

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1944-1944 (1978); (1 page)

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Abstract Unavailable

Transducer for ultrasonic inspection of porous materials

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1944-1944 (1978); (1 page)

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Abstract Unavailable
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Experimental Study of Outdoor Propagation of Spherically Spreading Periodic Acoustic Waves of Finite Amplitude

M. A. Theobald

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 63, Issue 6, pp. 1944-1945 (1978); (2 pages)

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Abstract Unavailable
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