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Nov 1976

Volume 60, Issue S1, pp. S1-S125

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back to top Session C. Noise I: Land Use Planning
Invited Papers
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Overview of land use planning (A)

M. Pepin‐Donat

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 60, Issue S1, pp. S7-S7 (1976); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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A new increasing awareness of the finite quality of land as a resource exists in the United States today. This change in perspective is challenging traditional practices resulting in conflicting values in American society. The issue of land use planning is extremely complex and influences by a multitude of independent yet interrelated factors such as government—local, State, and Federal, the citizen; the developer; the courts; industry and technology; and banking. Tradiationally, the right to plan and control land in the United States rests with each individual State. There are a minimum of 160 Federal programs—grant, loan, and regulatory, which impact land use in addition to individual State and local programs. A variety of tools and mechanisms have been developed to resolve the complex land use problem. Coordination is sought in all 50 States through an A‐95 Clearinghouse mechanism and supplemental State programs. The courts are taking an increasingly active role in influencing the direction of land use planning. An attempt to relate recently enacted or proposed noise control legislation to these land use processes will be included.
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Airports and land use planning (A)

S. E. Starley

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 60, Issue S1, pp. S7-S7 (1976); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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The EPA has developed an Airport Noise Regulatory concept, including an impact analysis methodology and a readily understandable format for the presentation of results. The regulatory process provides a means of reducing and/or preventing aviation noise impacts via a balanced mix of aviation actions and lead use controls. The analysis methodology which EPA has developed is based upon a comparison of aviation noise and the background levels which are due to all sources other than aviation. Hence, the noise impacts of multi modal systems can be evaluated. Noise criteria have been developed for the classification of airports, by severity of impact, and for goals necessary to protect the public health and welfare. The regulatory process was designed to insure participation of the airport proprietor, local governments, and the general public. Each airport noise abatement plan will be subjected to public scrutiny, in an open hearing, as well as to review by the Federal Aviation Administration, with consulation by the EPA. The process results in an airport operating pier for noise abatement which is basic to land use planning.
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Influence of noise control on land use planning (A)

C. R. Bragdon

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 60, Issue S1, pp. S7-S7 (1976); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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City planning has been an established professional discripline for nearly 50 years in the United States. Evolved from architecture mad other physically related disciplines city planning has broadened to also include interest in social and environmental concerns. Zoning was the first land use planning technique to incorporate noise performance requirements. Today many other land use planning techniques consider noise, among other environmental factors. An inventory of these planning techniques and their relative success are discussed, drawing upon municipal, state and Federal experiences. Recommendations are made for future courses of action to encourage greater effectiveness.
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Overview of California's efforts in the area of planning for noise compatible land use (A)

R .R. Illingworth and R. B. DuPree

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 60, Issue S1, pp. S7-S8 (1976); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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This paper reviews the role of the California State Government in noise compatible lend use planning. Since the responsibility for land use planning in California lies almost entirely with local government, the State has provided, through various pieces of legislation, the means for insuring that noise is considered in the process. Among the approaches the State has adopted are (1) a requirement that cities and counties adopt a noise element as part of their general plan; (2) the establishment of an Office of Noise Control to provide assistance to local governments and coordinate efforts at the State level; (3) the establishment of airport land use commissions; (4) the use of the EIR/EIS review process; and (5) the adoption of noise insulation standards for multifamily dwellings. The effectiveness of these measures in achieving noise compatible land use is discussed. Examples of good and bad land use in the vicinity of various sources are presented and analyzed. Some alternative approaches are presented and pitfalls pointed out.
Contributed Papers
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Significance of land use elements in developing noise maps (A)

Basil H. Manns, Sharon B. Holecrabs, and Robert L. Hershey

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 60, Issue S1, pp. S8-S8 (1976); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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The procedure used to relate noise level to land use is basically through a simple function of population density. The 100‐site study conducted by the U. S. EPA in 1973 attempted to verify the premise that outdoor noise does correlate with population density. The function derived has been used extensively in airport planning to estimate the indigenous noise in a community. However, extreme care must be taken in using the results of this 100 site study to develop noise maps directly, since they exhibit wide scatter as a function of various land use elements. The uncertainty of the procedure and the significance of seemingly insignificant parameters have been investigated (show actual sites variation). An algorithm has been developed to estimate noise levels at any given point in a community on the basis of land use parameters. This algorithm involves the construction of artificial traffic noise levels using the population density and the road configuration. The algorithm can be expanded to prepare noise maps by using clusters of homogeneous land use elements. Emphasis is given to surface transportation noise sources rather than aircraft operations, since this type of noise impacts more people than any other single category. A discussion is also included as to how a planner or designer may use such a statistical procedure in estimating community noise. The algorithm may be used by a planner, together with noise models of airports, rapid transit systems, and industrial sites, to produce comprehensive noise maps. Examples of noise maps are presented for the Washington Technical Institute complex in Washington, D. C., the Los Angeles Airport area, and the Lindberg Field area in San Diego.
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Designing a community noise regulation (A)

L. S. Goodfriend, E. M. Clark, and S. M. Ober

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 60, Issue S1, pp. S8-S8 (1976); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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The officials of the Township of East Brunswick, New Jersey, set out to establish a noise control regulation for their municipality that would meet the health and welfare needs of its residents and still provide a suitable climate for business and industry, East Brunswick is a municipality of 23.5 square miles, having a residential population of 36 790, and land uses including farming, industrial plants, strip commercial zones along a major state highway, and a major turnpike. Major steps of the program to develop a regulation were physical examination of the township and its land uses; review of the existing master plan; determination of the health‐related concepts of noise exposure; development of a rationale for selecting a noise descriptor permitting enforcement by suitably trained local officials; determination of present ambient sound levels; and development of the regulation structure, limits, and enforcement techniques. The new regulation is based on octave band levels not to be exceeded at the boundaries of each of three land use classes formed from groups of existing land use zones. Where sounds are intermittent, duration‐level tradeoffs are permitted up to a limit of 15 dB.
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Assessment of noise impact in transportation planning (A)

S. Fidell

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 60, Issue S1, pp. S8-S8 (1976); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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As part of a comprehensive reference book on environmental impacts in transportation corridors, a practically oriented guide to assessment of noise effects has been prepared for the California Department of Transportation. Among the major areas covered are (1) review of current knowledge of noise and vibration effects associated with highway and rail traffic; (2) provision of methods of estimating exposure levels associated with varying amounts of traffic; (3) relation of expected levels of exposure to anticipated social impacts; (4) explanation of a quantitative Noise Impact Index for evaluating alternative routes; and (5) discussion of measures to mitigate noise impacts. This paper summarizes the findings contained in the guide to noise impact assessment to bring it to the attention of transportation planners and others concerned with assessment of noise effects.
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Workship on noise control and urban planning (A)

Donna McCord Dickman and Patrick Anderson

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 60, Issue S1, pp. S8-S8 (1976); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 11 Aug 2005

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In recognition of the fact that unrestricted land development and planning decisions made without regard to noise have left a legacy of noise problems which are just now being addressed by noise abatement progams, the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments and the Environmental Protection Agency, Region III, sponsored a two day Workshop on Noise Control and Urban Planning. The purpose of the workshop was to prepare local, state, and Federal government land use planners to identify and quantify potential noise problems using current analytical techniques and solutions to noise problems through compatible land use planning. The Workshop was divided into several major elements. Problem definition, assessment alternatives and problem solutions presented the land use planner with a logical, sequential path of attack. A discussion of the integration of Federal, State, and local legislative parameters into the planning process was coupled with the latest analytical techniques and noise prediction programs. Potential solutions to the noise problems included planning as well as operational controls. Comprehensive and master planning, zoning, architectural controls, building codes, and capital improvement planning were among the solutions covered. The purpose of this paper is to present highlights of the major elements of the Workshop.
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