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Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

BROWSE VOLUMES

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Dec 1967

Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1223-1353

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Determination of Elastic and Piezoelectric Constants for Crystals in Class (3m)

A. W. Warner, M. Onoe, and G. A. Coquin

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1223-1231 (1967); (9 pages) | Cited 83 times

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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Determination of the elastic and piezoelectric constants for crystals in class (3m) is complicated by the large number of independent constants and the many possible ways in which they may be combined. An experimental and analytical procedure has been developed to determine all the constants using primarily thickness‐mode measurements made on small, plate‐shaped samples of various crystallographic orientations, and results using this procedure have been obtained for lithium tantalate and lithium niobate, two recently developed synthetic crystals. The resonant and antiresonant frequency constants for thickness modes have been calculated as functions of a plate's rotation angle. Information in this form makes possible the selection of plate orientations that might be useful as resonators and transducers.

Physical Correlates of Brass‐Instrument Tones

David Luce and Melville Clark, Jr.

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1232-1243 (1967); (12 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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Time‐dependent Fourier analyses of the attack transients and steady states of about 900 trumpet, trombone, tuba, and French‐horn tones yielded the amplitudes and relative phases of the first 11 partials. Relative component amplitudes for all tones of an instrument played at a given dynamic marking are approximately described by a spectral envelope. The partials are conveniently divided into those below a cutoff frequency (Class 1 components) common to all notes of the instrument and those above it (Class 2). Class 1 components have similar attack envelopes and reach approximately equal steady‐state values before those in Class 2. The transient periods for Class 2 components increase with frequency of the components, and their steady‐state values decrease rapidly with increasing frequency of the components. Amplitude modulations (blips) that last for one or only a few cycles of the modulation occur for all components during the end of the transient, but are larger for Class 2 components. For brasses other than the French horn, spectral envelopes are approximately frequency‐scaled versions of each other. Rolloff rates above the cutoff frequency decrease as the average amplitude of a scale of notes increases, and it appears that an increase in radiated power is achieved primarily by an increase in the amplitudes of high‐frequency partials. Average rolloff rates in decibels per octave for scales played at an average sound pressure level of 68 dB were: trumpet, 15; trombone, 20; tuba, 17; unstopped horn, 16; stopped horn, 30.

Acoustical Analysis of a Multicylinder Engine Air‐Induction System

W. M. Wang

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1244-1249 (1967); (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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By use of a time‐varying volume representation for the cylinders, an acoustical equivalent circuit for a multicylinder engine air‐induction system is developed, and a general solution for the acoustic pressure is derived. A commercial four‐cylinder engine is used for a comparison between the analytical and experimental results. It is shown that the agreement is closer than when a conventional time‐invariant equivalent circuit is used for the engine cylinders.

Effects of Context on Talker Identification

Martin A. Young and Richard A. Campbell

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1250-1254 (1967); (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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The ability to identify talkers from monosyllables spoken in context was examined: Kersta's method of visually comparing spectrograms was employed. Ten observers were trained to identify five talkers from spectrograms of two words spoken in isolation. The experimental task then required the observers to identify the same talkers from the same words spoken in different contexts. The correct rates for the training task (78.4%) could not be reproduced in the experimental task (37.3%). The results were interpreted to indicate that different contexts decrease the identification ability of observers because: (a) the shorter stimulus durations of words in context decreases the amount of acoustic information available for matching, and (b) the different spectrographic portrayals introduced by different phonetic contexts outweighs any intratalker consistency.

Interaction of Light and Ultrasonic Surface Waves

Walter G. Mayer, Guillermo B. Lamers, and David C. Auth

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1255-1257 (1967); (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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The intensity distribution in the orders of a light‐diffraction pattern produced by the interaction of a progressive ultrasonic surface wave and a monochromatic light beam is calculated. The amplitude of the surface wave is determined from the light‐intensity distribution in the diffraction pattern. The spacing of the diffraction orders is related to the surface wave velocity and the angle of light incidence.

Piezo‐Optic Coefficients of Liquids

W. A. Riley and W. R. Klein

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1258-1261 (1967); (4 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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A pulsed ultrasonic light diffraction technique was used to obtain values of the piezo‐optic coefficient for 24 liquids. From these results, several empirical expressions were obtained that facilitate calculation of this parameter.

Scattering from the Time‐Varying Surface of the Ocean

B. E. Parkins

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1262-1267 (1967); (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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The frequency spreading of a monochromatic acoustic plane wave reradiated by the moving, rough surface of the ocean is described using the spectral density of the far‐zone reradiated pressure. This pressure is calculated using the method of physical optics for a surface assumed to be described by the Neumann‐Pierson directional wave spectrum. The results are specialized for the cases of slightly rough and very rough wind‐generated seas. For the slightly rough case, the spectral density contains a specularly reflected component at the frequency of the incident radiation and two monochromatic scattered components that are Doppler‐shifted by equal amounts from the frequency of the incident radiation. The magnitude of the deviation of each of the Doppler‐shifted frequencies is the same and depends on the angles of incidence and observation relative to the wind direction and also on the incident frequency. For the very rough surface case, the spectral density of the far‐zone reradiated pressure is of Gaussian form. In the specular direction, the center of the spectrum is at the frequency of incident radiation but is shifted away from that frequency for other angles of observation with a shift proportional to wind speed. The width of the spectrum increases as the three‐halves power of the wind speed and also depends upon the geometry.

Anharmonic, Thickness‐Twist Overtones of Thickness‐Shear and Flexural Vibrations of Rectangular, AT‐Cut Quartz Plates

R. D. Mindlin and W. J. Spencer

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1268-1277 (1967); (10 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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Equations of motion accommodating thickness‐twist overtones of thickness‐shear and flexural vibrations of rectangular, AT‐cut, quartz plates are obtained. The equations are solved in closed form for plates with all four edges free. The predicted frequencies are compared with measured resonances. X‐ray topographs of typical thickness‐twist overtone modes are exhibited which verify that the mode shapes correspond to those predicted.

Vibrations of Fluid‐Filled Spherical and Spheroidal Shells

R. Rand and F. DiMaggio

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1278-1286 (1967); (9 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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See Also: Erratum

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Frequency equations and mode shapes are obtained in analytic form for the axisymmetric, extensional, nontorsional vibrations of fluid‐filled elastic spherical shells and rigid prolate spheroidal shells, while a numerical scheme is developed for the fluid‐filled elastic prolate spheroidal shell. Extensive numerical results in the form of frequency spectra and mode shapes for these problems are displayed.

Frenet Formulation of Three‐Dimensional Ray Tracing

Edward S. Eby

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1287-1297 (1967); (11 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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An approach to three‐dimensional ray tracing, based on the ray equations and Frenet formulas, is developed. It is applied to two families of constant sound‐speed surfaces for which Snell's laws are not known: coaxial circular cylinders and concentric ellipsoids. The classically known results for the cases of parallel planes and concentric spheres are rederived in terms of the present formulation. It is shown that the ray‐tracing equations for concentric spheres can be transformed exactly into those for parallel planes. For the coaxial cylinder case, pseudo‐Snell's laws can be derived even though the ray paths are not plane curves. For the family of ellipsoids, no Snell's law was found, but ray paths are plane curves. The examples considered do not exhaust the applicability of this ray‐tracing approach, but are meant only to illustrate the technique.

Reflection of Circumferential Waves from a Slit in a Thin‐Walled Cylinder

T. G. Goldsberry

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1298-1305 (1967); (8 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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Circumferential waves have been detected in a thin‐walled air‐filled brass cylinder having an air gap in the wall. The cylinder is 11.94 cm in diameter, 24.13 cm long, and has a wall thickness of 2.62 mm. The air gap, 1.57 mm wide, extends the thickness of the wall and almost the length of the cylinder. The cylinder was immersed in water for all acoustic measurements. Two circumferential wave modes, flexural and compressional, were detected and measured over the frequency ranges 125–150 kHz and 275–300 kHz, respectively. Under the assumption that the circumferential wave is reflected at the air gap, ray theory is used to derive equations predicting the location in time, relative to the specular echo, of the circumferential waves in the cylinder. Experimental evidence establishing the validity of these equations for both the compressional and flexural modes is presented.

Relations Among Aftereffects of Acoustic Stimulation

J. Donald Harris

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1306-1324 (1967); (19 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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In Expt. 1, six women were given 12 separate tests of short‐duration auditory adaptation. Correlations among subjects showed that two subgroups existed, one pair differing from the others in exhibiting an interaction between stimulus strength/duration and slope of recovery. A battery of four tests is tentatively recommended that would sample the effects on different subjects of stimulus frequency, intensity, and duration, and of slope of recovery. In Expt. 2, 15 adults were given 47 tests of true auditory fatigue with pure tones. Previous data on temporary threshold shift (TTS) growth rates, equinoxious contours, recovery slopes, etc., were confirmed. An obverse factor analysis was performed, upon a correlation matrix not among tests but among subjects. A general‐susceptibility grouping emerged; three individuals defined rather poorly a grouping with reduced high‐frequency and increased low‐frequency susceptibility; three other individuals showed recognizable specific patterns of susceptibility. Three specific tests can be shown to sample these groupings, and are recommended tentatively as an auditory fatigue battery for pure tones. Using a supplementary battery of 15 noise tests, a subgroup of three was sufficient to predict whole battery performance (r=0.81), as against a prediction (r=0.65) between any pure‐tone combination versus the whole‐battery noise data. Experiments 3, 4, and 5, used this information to study the prediction of susceptibility to noise‐induced permanent threshold shift in man, rat, and monkey, respectively. A rather low level of success was achieved.

A Model for Auditory Discrimination and Detection

G. Bruce Henning

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1325-1334 (1967); (10 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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A modified energy detector is proposed as a predictor of human frequency‐ and amplitude‐discrimination performance. The model consists of an initial bandpass filter followed by a square‐law device and an integrator. The center frequency of the initial filter is assumed to be a random variable distributed over time. The predictions of the model for performance in two‐alternative forced‐choice frequency‐ and amplitude‐discrimination experiments are presented, together with data from human observers. While the model is able to predict the frequency and amplitude data very well, it is less successful with detection data.

Asynchrony: The Perception of Temporal Gaps within Periodic Auditory Pulse Patterns

Irwin Pollack

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1335-1340 (1967); (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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The perception of temporal gaps within periodic pulse patterns was examined in a forced‐choice test. The task of the listener was to identify which one of four pulse patterns contained a temporal gap. Extremely acute gap detection (in the region of 1–10 μsec) may be obtained with high pulse frequencies. Gap detection with high pulse frequencies is critically dependent upon the number of pulses; gap detection with low pulse frequencies is relatively independent of the pulse number. This result is consistent with the generalization, obtained in related studies, that extremely acute temporal discrimination is achieved at high pulse frequencies only with a large number of temporal samples, whereas the relatively poor temporal discrimination at low pulse frequencies is substantially less dependent upon the number of temporal samples. The temporal precision of the auditory system, in contrast with its precision of spectral analysis, appears to be insufficient to account for minimal gap thresholds.
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Shapes of Tuning Curves for Single Auditory‐Nerve Fibers

N. Y. S. Kiang, M. B. Sachs, and W. T. Peake

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1341-1342 (1967); (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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When threshold for single auditory‐nerve fibers are plotted in terms of stapes displacement, the tuning curves rise monotonically on both sides of the characteristic frequency.

Comments on “Interaction of the Auditory and Visual Sensory Modalities” [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 41, 1–6 (1967)]

John Morton

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1342-1343 (1967); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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In deriving an equation to test the independence of sensory processing systems, Brown and Hopkins (1967) appear to have built in an assumption of response patterns lacking generality. In addition, the performance of their subjects is in excess of predictions from alternatively derived independence models, as well as one derived from signal detection variables. These data can be accounted for only by assuming a high level of “internal noise.”

Conversion Relations for Isotropic and Ferroelectric Ceramic Elasticity Formulations

Richard Holland

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1344-1344 (1967); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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A table of formulas is presented for interrelating the coefficient systems of an isotropic solid: Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio; the Lamé constants; and tensor and matrix stiffness, compliance, and planar stiffness.

Optical Imaging of the Cross Section of a Microwave Acoustic Beam in Rutile by Bragg Diffraction of a Laser Beam

Chen S. Tsai and Harold V. Hance

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1345-1347 (1967); (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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This letter reports some results of an analysis, based on a wave‐optical formulation, of the farfield Bragg diffraction from a cylindrical line source light beam by a line‐source acoustic wave. The properties of the diffracted light that are relevant to the problem of optically viewing or imaging the acoustic fields of plane or cylindrical transducers are discussed. The most important of these properties are as follows: (1) A line light source exists for the diffracted light and is either real or virtual depending upon the location of the acoustic source relative to the light source; (2) the location of this line source for the diffracted light has a geometrical correspondence to the acoustic source location; and (3) the phase and amplitude of the acoustic source is preserved in the diffracted line source. As the field of a plane or cylindrical transducer can be represented as a superposition of a set of line‐source waves, it follows that the total diffracted field is either a real or virtual image of the acoustic field. In either case, a real, enlarged image can be formed by the used of proper lenses. A description and examples of results are given for an experiment in imaging the transverse section of two parallel but physically separated 923 MHz microwave acoustic beams in a rutile crystal. The image resolution obtainable is discussed and compared for the experimental conditions with that obtained using a finely focused, mechanically scanned light probe.

Erratum: Effect of Induced Head Movements on Localization of Direction of Sounds [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 42, 480–488 (1967)]

Willard R. Thurlow

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1347-1347 (1967); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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Abstract Unavailable

Erratum: Head Movements During Sound Localization [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 42, 489–493 (1967)]

Willard R. Thurlow

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1347-1347 (1967); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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Abstract Unavailable
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A SONIC TEST SYSTEM FOR NONDESTRUCTIVELY EVALUATING COMPOSITE STRUCTURES

Ron Botsco

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1348-1349 (1967); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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A sonic test system has been developed by North American Aviation, Inc., for nondestructively evaluating composite structures throughout their entire depth while requiring access to only one surface. Applications include adhesive‐bonded, diffusion‐bonded, and brazed honeycomb structures. Also, the system has been successfully utilized for testing laminated and corrugated‐core composites. Structural defects such as unbonds, core crushing, and core rupturing are detectable.

ACOUSTIC SALMON COUNTER

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1350-1351 (1967); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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Abstract Unavailable

HIDAMETS

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1351-1352 (1967); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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SST PROTEST GROUP

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1352-1352 (1967); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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NASA ASKS FOR QUIET JET DESIGN

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 42, Issue 6, pp. 1352-1352 (1967); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 21 Jul 2005

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