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Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Jun 1963

Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 817-937

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Methods of Estimating Fatigue‐Curve Parameters with a Limited Number of Specimens

John J. Coleman

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 817-820 (1963); (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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Two different methods for estimating fatigue‐curve parameters with a limited number of specimens are described. In the first method, the progressively increasing load procedure for fatigue testing, originally developed by Prot, is analyzed. By mathematical analysis, it is possible to derive a formula which explains Prot's empirical formula and can be used to generalize linearly increasing load methods. As a consequence, a short‐time procedure is made available for estimating endurance limit and other fatigue‐curve parameters, as well as for providing reduced S‐N data. In the second method, the accuracy of estimate of the mean fatigue curve vs sample size is also investigated in order to determine the nature of this variation so that there can be a quantitative basis for making a decision on optimum sample size.

Representation of the Mechanical Damping Possessed by Rubberlike Materials and Structures

J. C. Snowdon

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 821-829 (1963); (9 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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Discussed in detail is the manner in which the damping possessed by rubberlike materials and structures experiencing sinusoidal vibration may be represented by the ratio of the imaginary to the real part of a complex elastic modulus. Examples are given of the way in which the damping possessed by low‐ and high‐damping rubbers depends on frequency. Equations that predict the response to vibration of such distributed systems as damped rods and beams, and a simple structure comprised of two damped beams and a lumped element of mass are derived; and representative computation of input impedance and transmissibility are presented.

Precision of Oceanographic Data for Sound‐Speed Calculations

N. P. Fofonoff

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 830-836 (1963); (7 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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The precision of sound speeds calculated from oceanographic data, consisting of measurements of temperature and salinity at various depths, depends on systematic errors of the empirical formula relating sound speed to the oceanographic variables and on the errors of the measured variables. Estimates of precision, defined as twice the standard deviation, range from 0.021°–0.025°C for temperature, 0.016‰–0.072‰ for salinities determined by titration, and 7–12 m for depths to 1000 m. Systematic errors of the sound‐speed formula are estimated to be about 0.5 m/sec.
In a homogeneous layer of the ocean, the errors of measurement of temperature and salinity limit the precision of sound speed to 0.12 m/sec. In a stratified layer, the precision less (larger standard deviation) because of the uncertainty in the depth determination.

Transmission Loss of Leaded Building Materials

Paul B. Ostergaard, Richmond L. Cardinell, and Lewis S. Goodfriend

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 837-843 (1963); (7 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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A number of architectural‐partition materials have been tested for sound‐transmission loss with and with‐ out a 0.125‐in. lead sheet adhesively bonded to one side. A series of tests with and without lead on panels with and without 2×4‐in. wood studs indicates that a new series of building products having high TL is practicable, using conventional building materials with a lead sheet adhesively bonded, as well as the imaginative combinations of lead with many new substrate materials. Evaluating methods for new lead‐bearing materials are outlined.

Low‐Frequency DL's: Effect of a High‐Frequency Noise

Richard A. Campbell

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 844-847 (1963); (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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A high‐pass filtered noise will increase the difference limen (DL) for frequency for a simultaneously presented, low‐frequency, unmasked sinusoid. Since only the basal end of the basilar membrane should be interfered with by such filtered noise, this would seem to indicate the participation of the basal end in the perception of a low‐frequency sinusoid, contrary to a traditional place theory. These data are from 20 normal‐hearing listeners making either unilateral alternate‐pitch matches or constant‐method judgments for a 150‐cps sinusoid at a 5‐ to 50‐dB sensation level (SL). Two interfering noises, one periodic and one aperiodic (either unilateral or contralateral to the sinusoid), were presented at the maximum level possible without masking the sinusoid at its threshold. Both noises contained essentially no energy below 400 cps. The frequency DL's were increased approximately 20% by all the noises, regardless of ear of presentation. The increase would thus appear to be attributable to a general, bilateral phenomenon, such as distraction, rather than the interference with the basal end of the ear receiving the sinusoid.

Cumulation of DL's for Intensity Change at Low Sensation Levels

Peter J. Dallos and Raymond Carhart

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 848-855 (1963); (8 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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Data which appear in the literature on normal DL's for intensity change lead to the hypothesis that, for pure tones through a sensation level of 40 dB, a linear function relates 1/jnd to the sensation level. A nonlinear difference equation expressing this hypothesis is developed here. A resultant formula allows the number of jnd's which cumulate within a range of sensation levels to be compared, provided one knows the DL magnitudes at the two limits of that range. The adequacy of this procedure was tested on six normal hearers. It was found that the number of jnd's which each subject exhibited when DL's were successively cumulated experimentally at 1000 and 4000 cps corresponded to within an average error of 4.0% to the number predicted from the formula. The maximum single error of prediction was 6.6%.

Monaural Loudness Function at 1000 cps and Interaural Summation

Rhona P. Hellman and J. Zwislocki

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 856-865 (1963); (10 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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A monaural loudness function is determined for 1000 cps and compared to a previously obtained binaural loudness function. Although the monaural function appears to have a somewhat smaller exponent than the binaural one, the empirical evidence does not permit rejection of the hypothesis of a simple interaural loudness summation. The psychophysical methods of magnitude estimation with and without a designated standard and of magnitude production without standards are used. A combination of magnitude estimation and production without standards is accepted as a method with minimum bias and classified under a more general methodological category called “psychological magnitude balance.”

Some Effects of Spectral Content and Duration on Perceived Noise Level

Karl D. Kryter and Karl S. Pearsons

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 866-883 (1963); (18 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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A number of experiments were conducted in which listeners equated a wide variety of sounds with respect to noisiness (equal acceptability) and loudness. The principal findings are as follows: (1) On the basis of data obtained from approximately 250 subjects, new equal‐noisiness contours and tables for use in the calculation of perceived noise level were determined. (2) Over a range of durations from 1½ to 12 sec, sounds were judged equally acceptable when the sound‐pressure level was reduced by 4½ dB for each doubling of duration. Variations in rise and decay times from ½ to 4 sec did not significantly influence the judgments. (3) Combining a pure tone of sufficient intensity with a band of filtered white noise caused subjects to judge the sound as noisier than the same band of noise at the same over‐all sound‐pressure level as the tone‐plus‐noise. On the other hand, the judged loudness of the band of noise, keeping over‐all level constant, was not appreciably affected by the addition of the tone. (4) Calculated measures of perceived noise level (PNdB), loudness, and the readings on A, B, C, and “flat” scales on a sound‐level meter were determined for a variety of “real” and artificial sounds of equal duration when these sounds were judged to be equally noisy or acceptable. Considering both absolute values and variability in the results, the order of merit, from best to worst, of the various measures for predicting the judgment data was as follows: PNdB, phons Stevens, phons Zwicker, “flat,” C, B, and A scale of a sound‐level meter.

Some Factors Influencing the Effective Auditory Intensive Difference Limen

Michel Loeb and John R. Binford

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 884-891 (1963); (8 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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Observers were required to detect changes in intensity in signals of two types: (1) a continuous Gaussian noise to which increments were added randomly and infrequently; (2) a sequence of pulses, 0.5‐sec duration occurring periodically at 2.5‐sec intervals to which increments were added infrequently and randomly. For each of the types of task, several levels of discrimination difficulty were employed. It was found that the changes in intensity of the steady noise were more readily detected than comparable changes in intensity of pulses. At intermediate difficulty levels, the number of detections of increases in the steady signal declined with time on task; and, at intermediate and high difficulty levels, the number of detections of louder pulses declined with time. Progressive increases in response latency were also noted in some of these conditions, and there was a general tendency for false detections to decline with time on task. Possible explanations for the differential discriminations of changes in intensity of the steady and pulsed stimuli are discussed.

On the Statistics of Spoken English

P. B. Denes

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 892-904 (1963); (13 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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A variety of statistical information about spoken English was obtained. The data are the results of analyzing a considerable body of conversational material and narrative taken from “Phonetic Readers”; the analyses were carried out by using a digital computer. The principles for selecting the speech material are discussed. Counts were obtained for the frequency of occurrence of phonemes, for the digram frequencies of phonemes, for word length, etc. Stress was taken into consideration, and many of the statistics were obtained separately for stressed and unstressed syllables. In addition, the frequency distribution of minimal pairs was obtained. Minimal pairs are the phoneme pairs that minimally distinguish one word from another. All results were evaluated from the articulatory point of view. It was found that, in spoken English, dental and alveolar articulations predominate and that manner rather than place of articulation is the dimension that carries by far the greatest functional load.

Design of Narrow‐Beamwidth Transducers

G. Kossoff

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 905-912 (1963); (8 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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The design of focused transducers used to narrow the beamwidth over a finite distance in the nearfield region is outlined. A computer program was used to optimize the transducer's geometrical shape for beamwidth improvement, and off‐axis computations for plane and focused transducers were programmed to check the improvement in beamwidth so obtained. The results of these computations show that a simple parameter can be used to describe and compare the degree of focusing of such transducers.

Analysis and Design of a 3‐Gc/sec Quartz‐Cavity Resonator as a Hypersonic Source for Liquids

James L. Stewart and Ellen S. Stewart

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 913-922 (1963); (10 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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A series‐equivalent circuit for a quartz plate driven at high harmonics is given, and a simple analysis developed for the re‐entrant cylindrical microwave cavity with an X‐cut crystal in the gap. Expressions are derived for the efficiency and sensitivity of such a system as a hypersonic transducer for use with liquids at room temperature and 3 Gc/sec. Design equations are developed for the crystal and cavity dimensions which maximize the efficiency. These show that the crystal should be less than 100 μ thick and plane‐parallel to one‐fiftieth of an optical wavelength to minimize the absorption and alignment losses, respectively. The cavity should have a “square” cross section with a post height e2 times the post radius. Efficiencies of 40% and 65% are theoretically possible with quartz crystals 100 μ and 35 μ thick radiating into water at room temperature. A companion paper will discuss experimental results.
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Physical Dimensions of Spectrum Levels and of Spectral Densities of Acoustic Powers Energy, and Related Quantities

Lincoln Baxter, II

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 923-924 (1963); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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Spectrum levels should be based on spectral density measurements or estimates. The concepts of vector spectral density and two mathematical expressions for scalar spectral density are reviewed, and units of several measures of spectral density are given. The techniques and concepts appropriate for measurements of pulses are contrasted with those appropriate for measurements of continuous signals.

New Standard for Measurements of Certain Piezoelectric Ceramics

Gordon E. Martin

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 925-925 (1963); (1 page) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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The Standards on piezoelectric ceramics provide for the evaluation of the longitudinal parameters such as k33 only for short bars and thin cylinders electroded at the ends. In view of the restricted polarization thicknesses of materials, ceramic bodies are often formed by cementing together a number of pieces of shorter dimensions. This note gives the equations for the evaluation of all parameters of such a multiply segmented ceramic body for which the length is large as compared to the lateral dimensions.

Elastic Constants of Silicon Carbide

Norman G. Einspruch and Lewis T. Claiborne

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 925-926 (1963); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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The elastic constants of polycrystalline silicon carbide were measured using the ultrasonic pulse‐echo technique. The high moduli [E = 36.0, μ = 14.8 (1011 dyn cm−2)] are consistent with measurements on other hard materials.

Effects of Uranium Salts on Sound Cavitation in Water

D. Messino, D. Sette, and F. Wanderlingh

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 926-927 (1963); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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Uranium salts have a large effect on ultrasonic cavitation when dissolved in water. The effect seems due to the creation of large nuclei by fission induced by cosmic neutrons thermalized in water.

Extension of the Concept of Equivalent Eulerian Boundary Conditions

Henry C. Kessler, Jr.

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 927-928 (1963); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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The statement of a Lagrangian boundary condition at the face of a vibrating piston in terms of an approximately equivalent Eulerian condition is examined to second order in the particle velocity. The second‐order correction to the boundary condition is explicit but complicated.

Reduction in Convective Heat Transfer due to Vibration

G. E. Nevill, Jr., G. E. Commerford, and I. A. Raben

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 928-929 (1963); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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Experimental results demonstrating the occurrence of reductions in forced convection heat transfer due to vibrations of a heated tube in water have been obtained. A description of the study, together with a tentative qualitative explanation of the phenomenon and suggestions as to its possible importance, is presented.

Nonlinear Interaction of Two Soundbeams

V. Lauvstad and S. Tjötta

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 929-930 (1963); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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An asymptotic formula is given for the sound generated by nonlinear interaction of two soundbeams of frequencies ω1 and ω2 propagating in the same direction. The formula is valid outside the primary beams, and gives the generated sound of frequency ∣ω1 −ω2∣, provided its wavelength is large as compared with the linear dimensions of the cross section of the interaction region, and provided this interaction region is located in the Fraunhofer zones of both the primary beams.

On the Noise Produced by Boundary‐Layer Turbulence

John E. Ffowcs Williams

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 930-931 (1963); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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This note is on the subject of sound radiated by rigid surfaces in turbulent flow. Some erroneous deductions made recently are discussed and a short survey of the relevant theories presented. It is pointed out that no fundamental errors exist in the basic theoretical work on this topic, and that some of the apparent inconsistencies are due to a misinterpretation of those theories.

Further Discussion of Noise Produced by Boundary‐Layer Turbulence

William C. Meecham

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 931-932 (1963); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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Analysis of Rough Surfaces by Scattering

Leonard N. Liebermann

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 932-932 (1963); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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Although the general theory of scattering from rough surfaces is complicated, a simple result obtains for determining the roughness “wavelength” responsible for maximum scattering. It has been verified by a Doppler‐scattering experiment that the most effective scattering “wavelength” is given by the diffraction grating formula d  =  λ(sinθ+sinφ)−1, where λ is the incident‐radiation wavelength. In this manner, scattering provides a simple method for the analysis of surface roughness.

Out‐of‐Plane Vibration of a Clamped Circular Ring Segment

Frederick C. Nelson

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 933-934 (1963); (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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The fundamental out‐of‐plane symmetric and antisymmetric frequencies of a clamped ring segment are obtained as a function of opening angle via the Rayleigh‐Ritz procedure. Particular attention is paid to its behavior at large opening angles.

Erratum: Transmission of Plate Flexural Waves through Reinforcing Beams [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 33, 633 (1961)]

Eric E. Ungar

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 934-934 (1963); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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Dissipative Forces inside a Vibrating Magnetostrictor

James M. Witting

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 35, Issue 6, pp. 934-935 (1963); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 Jul 2005

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General expressions for forces acting on a volume element of a magnetostrictor are derived correct to first order in the ratio of energy dissipated per cycle to maximum energy stored. They are in a form suitable for setting down equations of motion.
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