• Volume/Page
  • Keyword
  • DOI
  • Citation
  • Advanced
   
 
 
 

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

SECTION LISTING

BROWSE VOLUMES

Year Range: 
Search Issue | RSS Feeds RSS
Previous Issue Next Issue

Sep 1962

Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1161-1278


Application of Linear Response Techniques to Stress and Fatigue Analyses in Acoustical Loading Problems

Paul Wang

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1161-1171 (1962); (11 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
A new method is presented for the analysis and utilization of linear and nonlinear response data obtained from structural elements under conditions of acoustical loading. It is found that due to phase angle differences, the significance of resonance response lies in the amplification of bending stresses, regardless of secondary tension forces induced at the constraints. Comparisons are presented with values so calculated. Correlation of an equivalent linear system possessing the theoretical amplification factor with a nonlinear system of known behavior (determined by tests) is demonstrated. This correlation is also useful in transforming sinusoidal test data to random response, thereby rendering a better application of the cumulative damage rule in sonic‐fatigue expectancy calculations for aerospace‐vehicle structures.

Effect of a Uniform Flow on Elastic Waves in a Porous, Saturated Elastic Solid

J. P. Jones

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1172-1175 (1962); (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Elastic‐wave propagation in a porous, saturated elastic solid is investigated for the situation in which there is a uniform flow velocity U0 in the fluid. Wave‐velocity equations are set up for P and S waves, and the case of no viscous fluid coupling is investigated in detail.

Nonlinear Flexural Vibrations of Sandwich Plates

Yi‐Yuan Yu

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1176-1183 (1962); (8 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
A set of nonlinear equations describing the vibrations of sandwich plates is derived. These equations are then applied to a plate vibrating in plane strain and to a rectangular plate; with the boundary edges assumed to be hinged in both cases. It is shown that the nonlinear frequencies increase with the amplitude of vibration. It is shown also that transverse shear deformations play an important role; however the effect produced by these deformations decreases with increasing amplitudes of vibration.

High‐Frequency Extensional Vibrations of Sandwich Plates

Hugh N. Chu

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1184-1190 (1962); (7 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
In this paper there is derived a set of approximate equations governing the extensional motion of a sandwich plate, together with the associated initial and boundary conditions. Both the sandwich core and the facings are assumed homogeneous and isotropic, and the facings are assumed thin and identical to each other. The coupling effect of the thickness deformation of the core is considered in the derivation.
Frequency‐wavelength curves are then obtained from these equations for an infinite plate in plane strain. The corresponding curves for the same plate according to the three‐dimensional exact theory of elasticity are also obtained. These two sets of curves are then used as a basis for discussion of the accuracy of the approximate equations.
The curves indicate that for commonly used core materials and for wavelengths about three times the plate thickness and longer, the approximate equations are reasonably good up to frequencies somewhat higher than the fundamental thickness‐stretch frequency of the plate.

Diagnosis and Cure of Erratic Velocity Distributions in Sonar Projector Arrays

David L. Carson

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1191-1196 (1962); (6 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Often, well‐designed arrays of electroacoustic transducer elements radiating into water exhibit erratic behavior in the transmission‐frequency band such that the distribution of magnitude and phase of element velocities across the array appears to be independent of the distribution of electrical driving voltages or currents. Even at low drive levels, directivity patterns and source levels deteriorate, and some elements may even experience structural failure because of excessive motion of the radiating face. The cause of this unsatisfactory behavior is diagnosed and relatively simple curative measures are presented. In particular, the cure requires a separate tuning reactor for each element. The reactors are identical, but must be selected by a new criterion. If modular drive is used, the drivers must have a very low or a very high internal impedance, depending on circumstances.

Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Image Interference in Deep‐Water Acoustics

Melvin A. Pedersen

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1197-1203 (1962); (7 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Experimental and theoretical interference patterns, resulting from the interaction between signals arriving by a direct and by a surface‐reflected path, are compared for three receiver depths at frequencies of 530 and 1030 cps. Propagation losses are computed on the basis of ray theory for a velocity‐depth profile consisting of three linear segments. Agreement between ray theory and experiment is excellent at ranges less than that of the first shadow zone or the first caustic. Theoretical losses based on the assumption of isovelocity water also agree well with experiment at the shorter ranges, but can depart markedly at longer ranges in the interference pattern because of the effect of refraction on both travel time differences and component amplitudes.

Cavity‐Loaded Piston Resonators

Claude C. Sims and T. A. Henriquez

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1204-1206 (1962); (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
A piston‐type resonant element for use in underwater sound‐transducer arrays is described. The acoustic loading on the piston is varied by the use of a shallow cavity. The element is stable under high hydrostatic pressure, and its efficiency is higher than 90% over a broad bandwidth. An equivalent circuit that successfully reproduces the measured characteristics of the transducer is developed.

Effects of Background Noise on Auditory Detection of Noise Bursts

David M. Green and Susan T. Sewall

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1207-1216 (1962); (10 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The ability of human observers to detect signals that are bursts of white noise is measured by two experimental procedures. In both procedures, the observer's task is to select the interval containing the signal from the two temporal intervals, marked by lights, which constitute a trial. In the first, the signal is added to a continuous background of white noise; in the second, the signal is added to one or the other of two equal noise bursts, that are added to the continuous background noise during the observation intervals.
The psychometric functions obtained in the two experimental conditions are different. In the first experimental condition the psychometric functions are consistent with the assumption that the observer is uncertain about either the exact time when the signal occurs or its exact duration, or about both. In the second procedure, in which two noise bursts mark the observation intervals, the psychometric functions are consistent with the prediction of a statistical‐decision model that assumes exact knowledge of the temporal occurrence of the signal. In this second procedure the signal to noise ratio for some constant level of detectability is considerably affected by the relation between the continuous background noise and the level of the two noise bursts. The minimum value of signal‐to‐noise ratio occurs when the continuous noise is ∼5–10 dB more intense than the equal noise bursts; the signal to noise ratio increases from this minimum as the background level is changed in either direction.

Auditory Acuity and the Perception of Speech

Karl D. Kryter, Carl Williams, and David M. Green

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1217-1223 (1962); (7 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The results of audiometric and various speech tests of persons with normal and different degrees of nerve‐type hearing impairment are reported. Correlation regression coefficients (“beta” weights) were found between the hearing loss measured at a number of pure‐tone frequencies and the speech test results. These beta weights indicate that taking the average of the decibel hearing loss at either 2000, 3000, and 4000 cps or at 1000, 2000, and 3000 cps provides a reasonably adequate rank‐order indicator of the ability to understand speech. The relation between our results and other studies are discussed; it is suggested that some speech tests and methods of scoring that have been used in experiments of this type in the past introduce a bias that leads to an underestimation of the importance of auditory acuity at frequencies above 2000 cps.

Existence Region of the Tonal Residue. I

R. J. Ritsma

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1224-1229 (1962); (6 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The residue phenomenon makes it necessary to assume that many areas of the basilar membrane may give rise to sensations of widely different pitch, depending upon the pattern of stimulation. In the case of steady‐state signals, the place of maximal stimulation will be a measure of timbre whereas the pitch will depend on the quasi‐periodicity of the signal. A closer study of the residue phenomena is of interest, since the residue implies situations where average frequency and periodicity are separate parameters and, to a certain extent, may be varied independently. The literature shows that attempts to establish the residue have not always been successful, mostly due to the specific frequency combinations chosen. In this paper, measurements are described on an harmonic complex consisting of three components, with variable modulation depth and frequency. This harmonic complex is found to have a decidedly tonal character within a limited frequency region. The boundaries for a complex with a modulation depth of 100% are roughly given by values of the center frequency f<5000 cps, and values of the spacing frequency g⩾0.05f. A theoretical model of a pitch‐extractor is presented which accounts for the observed frequency region of the tonal residue.

Effect of Temporal Spacing on Temporary Threshold Shift from Impulses

W. Dixon Ward

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1230-1232 (1962); (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Thirteen normal‐hearing observers were exposed to 60 high‐intensity pulses presented at 4 different interpulse intervals: 1, 3, 9, and 30 sec. Temporary threshold shifts (TTS) were measured at frequencies from 500 to 13 000 cps. Results indicate that the TTS produced by 1‐, 3‐, and 9‐sec interpulse intervals are essentially equivalent. Considerably less TTS was produced by the 30‐sec interval during the first minute or two of recovery, but by 5 min after cessation of the pulses, this difference had nearly disappeared. This supports the hypothesis of Hirsh and Bilger that two separate fatigue or recovery processes are involved in TTS. It is concluded that total number of impulses is more important than exposure time per se in predicting TTS (and so, presumably, permanent loss) from impulse noise.

Acoustics of Circumaural Earphones

E. A. G. Shaw and G. J. Thiessen

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1233-1246 (1962); (14 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
When an electro‐acoustic transducer is added to a circumaural ear defender the requirements of minimum sound transmission and maximum earphone sensitivity are partially incompatible. The transmission and response of simple (single cavity) and compound (two cavity) systems have been determined by an analog method. The preferred system is a rigid structure with resistive coupling between the two cavities. This system has maximum effective coupling volume at low frequencies thus providing maximum noise attenuation and a smaller effective volume at high frequencies affording increased earphone response. When the cavities contain suitable porous materials and are coupled by an annular slit, the two cavity system becomes a lossy waveguide. Analysis of hemispherical and plane wave acoustical models indicates an effective volume which is constant up to a transition frequency and decreases steadily with further increase in frequency. The theory is supported by measurements on an experimental earphone having complementary transducer and cavity characteristics leading to constant response over a wide‐frequency range. Probe microphone data show that above 1 kc the real ear response of circumaural earphones is generally greater than the flat‐plate coupler response.

Theory of Ultrasonic Delay Lines for Direct‐Current Pulse Transmission

Morio Onoe

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1247-1254 (1962); (8 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
A unified analysis of ultrasonic delay lines is presented with particular attention paid to the characteristics of direct‐current pulse transmission. The analysis can be applied to any delay line, whether piezoelectric or magnetostrictive, regardless of whether the mode of transmission is longitudinal, shear, or torsional, as long as the motion is adequately described by the one‐dimensional theory on which the equivalent circuits are based.
Characteristics in the time domain are obtained in terms of the time‐shift operators of Laplace transform calculus. This makes it possible to easily obtain the output waveform for any arbitrary input. Three transducer configurations are discussed; namely, a line with transducers in the middle of the delay medium (Case A), a line with one of the transducers at the free end of the delay medium (Case B) and a line with transducers at both free ends of the delay medium (Case C).
The latter two configurations are especially useful for a delay line made of a ferrite or piezoelectric ceramic, both of which are available in limited length only due to manufacturing difficulties. Cascading of several pieces of material in order to obtain a longer delay than that which is available using a single piece is discussed. The effects of acoustic mismatching at bonding points on the signal‐to‐noise ratio and on the ringing in the output are presented.

Generalized Theory of Acoustic Propagation in Porous Dissipative Media

M. A. Biot

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1254-1264 (1962); (11 pages) | Cited 75 times

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The theory of acoustic propagation in porous media is extended to include anisotropy, viscoelasticity, and solid dissipation. A more refined analysis of the relative motion of the fluid in the pores is also developed by introducing the concept of viscodynamic operational tensor. The nature of this operator is analyzed by applying variational and Lagrangian methods. Viscoelasticity and solid dissipation are introduced by applying the correspondence principle as derived from thermodynamics in earlier work by the author. Various dissipative models are discussed and the corresponding operators and relaxation spectra are derived. The physical chemistry of the multiphase porous medium including surface effects lies within the scope of the thermodynamic theory. The nature of thermoelastic dissipation and electrokinetic effects in relation to the thermodynamic theory is also brought out.

Sound Radiation from a Beam Attached to a Plate

Richard H. Lyon

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1265-1268 (1962); (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The sound power radiated by acoustically slow waves scattered by a beam is computed. An acoustic radiation resistance per unit length of beam is computed based on the radiated power and the mean‐square transverse plate velocity in the absence of the beam. For a diffuse reverberant vibrational field and supported, clamped, or edge supported lines, explicit expressions for the radiation resistance are obtained. The reduction of radiation coupling due to beam vibration is also computed.

Corrected Analysis of Plane Finite Waves

R. D. Fay

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1269-1271 (1962); (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
When the errors in a previous paper are corrected and the method of attack is somewhat modified, a remarkably straightforward analysis yields an expression for the attenuation of repeated saw‐tooth waves. The expression is in substantial agreement with those obtained by other methods.

Measurement of the 25°C Zero‐Field Elastic Moduli of Quartz by High‐Frequency Plane‐Wave Propagation

H. J. McSkimin

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1271-1274 (1962); (4 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
An analysis made of plane wave propagation in different directions of quartz with possible piezoelectric effects considered. A method of determining the zero‐field elastic moduli is described which should be suitable for measurements versus temperature and hydrostatic pressure. Values for elastic moduli obtained at 25°C are compared with the literature.
back to top
RSS Feeds

Effect of Switching Earphone Channels upon the Precision of Centering

Lloyd A. Jeffress and Hugh C. Blodgett

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1275-1276 (1962); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The precision of centering a noise signal in the head is improved by switching the earphone channels; either by communicating them, or by switching from a single channel for both ears to one channel for one ear and one for the other. Switching reduces both random errors and bias errors.

Ratio Relationships in Melody

Paul C. Boomsliter and Warren Creel

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1276-1277 (1962); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
Forced choice between the tempered scale and one of the just scales in an atypical melody does not provide an adequate test of tuning preferences. Experiments by other methods indicate that small whole number ratios do operate in melody.

Listeners Can Be Seduced to Perceive the Paradoxical Ratio 51:87 as Either One or Another Truly Melodical Interval

Max F. Meyer

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1277-1277 (1962); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
The ratio 51:87 (1,706), musically paradoxical, is found to be interpreted as 4:7 when surrounded by the terms 63, 76, and 101; and interpreted as 3:5 when surrounded by the terms 34 and 68.

Ultrasonic Phase Microscopy

E. E. Suckling and S. Ben‐Zvi

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1277-1278 (1962); (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Show Abstract
An ultrasonic microscope operating at 9 Mc and using phase contrast has been described which can detect a polyethylene strip 1½ thousandths of an inch thick and 40 thousandths of an inch wide.

Comments on “Simplified Ray‐Tracing Computations,” by Charles S. Mooney

M. Klerer

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1278-1278 (1962); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Abstract Unavailable

Errata: Responses of the Auditory Nerve to Repetitive Acoustic Stimuli [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34, 562 (1962)]

W. T. Peake, M. H. Goldstein, Jr., and N. Y.‐S. Kiang

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1278-1278 (1962); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Abstract Unavailable

Erratum: Note on the Critical Bandwidth [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34, 985 (1962)]

Egbert de Boer

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 34, Issue 9A, pp. 1278-1278 (1962); (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 26 Jul 2005

Full Text: | Download PDF

Abstract Unavailable
Close

Home Publications Meetings Contact ASA Site Map Back to Top

Copyright © Acoustical Society of America

close