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Journal of the Acoustical Society of America / Volume 129 / Issue 4 / UNDERWATER SOUND [30]

Miniature photonic-crystal hydrophone optimized for ocean acoustics

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 129, Issue 4, pp. 1837-1850 (2011); (14 pages)

Onur Kilic, Michel J. F. Digonnet, Gordon S. Kino, and Olav Solgaard

E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305

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This work reports on an optical hydrophone that is insensitive to hydrostatic pressure, yet capable of measuring acoustic pressures as low as the background noise in the ocean in a frequency range of 1 Hz to 100 kHz. The miniature hydrophone consists of a Fabry–Perot interferometer made of a photonic-crystal reflector interrogated with a single-mode fiber and is compatible with existing fiber-optic technologies. Three sensors with different acoustic power ranges placed within a sub-wavelength sized hydrophone head allow a high dynamic range in the excess of 160 dB with a low harmonic distortion of better than –30 dB. A method for suppressing cross-coupling between sensors in the same hydrophone head is also proposed. A prototype was fabricated, assembled, and tested. The sensitivity was measured from 100 Hz to 100 kHz, demonstrating a sound-pressure-equivalent noise spectral density down to 12 μPa/Hz1/2, a flatband wider than 10 kHz, and very low distortion.

© 2011 Acoustical Society of America

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by Litton Systems, Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of Northrop Grumman Corporation. The authors would like to thank Dennis Bevan and Doug Meyer for lending the equipment necessary for the calibration measurements.

Article Outline

  1. INTRODUCTION
  2. GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA
  3. SENSOR STRUCTURE AND FABRICATION
    1. Sensor architecture
    2. Sensor fabrication
      1. Microfabrication of sensor chip
      2. Improving wettability
      3. Interferometer assembly
  4. THEORETICAL MODELING
    1. Lumped-element equivalent-circuit model
      1. Equivalent-circuit model
      2. Acoustic impedance of diaphragm
      3. Radiation impedance of diaphragm
      4. Flow through PC holes
      5. Cavity effects
      6. Flow through annular channel around fiber
    2. Modeling results
      1. Sensor response
      2. Thermal noise
      3. Minimum-detectable pressure
    3. Dynamic range
  5. EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION
  6. CONCLUSIONS

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KEYWORDS and PACS

Keywords

acoustic noise, Fabry-Perot interferometers, harmonic distortion, hydrophones, hydrostatics, photonic crystals, underwater sound

PACS

  • 43.30.Yj

    Transducers and transducer arrays for underwater sound; transducer calibration

  • 43.38.Ne

    Mechanical, optical, and photographic recording and reproducing systems

  • 43.35.Sx

    Acoustooptical effects, optoacoustics, acoustical visualization, acoustical microscopy, and acoustical holography

ARTICLE DATA

History
Received 28 Mar 2010
Accepted 18 Dec 2010
Revised 08 Dec 2010
Digital Object Identifier
http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3543949

PUBLICATION DATA

ISSN

0001-4966 (print)  

Publisher

$abstract.society.value is a Member of CrossRef Acoustical Society of America

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Figures (15) Tables (1)

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