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Oct 2009

Volume 126, Issue 4, pp. 1657-2316

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Radiative transfer theory applied to ocean bottom modeling

Jorge E. Quijano and Lisa M. Zurk

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 126, Issue 4, pp. 1711-1723 (2009); (13 pages)

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Research on the propagation of acoustic waves in the ocean bottom sediment is of interest for active sonar applications such as target detection and remote sensing. The interaction of acoustic energy with the sea floor sublayers is usually modeled with techniques based on the full solution of the wave equation, which sometimes leads to mathematically intractable problems. An alternative way to model wave propagation in layered media containing random scatterers is the radiative transfer (RT) formulation, which is a well established technique in the electromagnetics community and is based on the principle of conservation of energy. In this paper, the RT equation is used to model the backscattering of acoustic energy from a layered elastic bottom sediment containing distributions of independent scatterers due to a constant single frequency excitation in the water column. It is shown that the RT formulation provides insight into the physical phenomena of scattering and conversion of energy between waves of different polarizations.
Show PACS
43.30.Ft Volume scattering
43.20.Bi Mathematical theory of wave propagation
43.20.Fn Scattering of acoustic waves
43.30.Vh Active sonar systems

Riverbed sediment classification using multi-beam echo-sounder backscatter data

AliReza Amiri-Simkooei, Mirjam Snellen, and Dick G. Simons

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 126, Issue 4, pp. 1724-1738 (2009); (15 pages)

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A method has recently been developed that employs multi-beam echo-sounder backscatter data to both obtain the number of sediment classes and discriminate between them by applying the Bayes decision rule to multiple hypotheses [ Simons and Snellen, Appl. Acoust. 70, 1258–1268 (2009) ]. In deep water, the number of scatter pixels within the beam footprint is large enough to ensure Gaussian distributions for the backscatter strengths and to increase the discriminative power between acoustic classes. In very shallow water (<10 m), however, this number is too small. This paper presents an extension of this high-frequency methodology for these environments, together with a demonstration of its performance using backscatter data from the river Waal, The Netherlands. The objective of this work is threefold. (i) Increasing the discriminating power of the classification method: high-resolution bathymetry data allow precise bottom slope corrections for obtaining the true incident angle, and the high-resolution backscatter data reduce the statistical fluctuations via an averaging procedure. (ii) Performing a correlation analysis: the dependence of acoustic backscatter classification on sediment physical properties is verified by observing a significant correlation of 0.75 (and a disattenuated correlation of 0.90) between the classification results and sediment mean grain size. (iii) Enhancing the statistical description of the backscatter intensities: angular evolution of the K-distribution shape parameter indicates that the riverbed is a rough surface, in agreement with the results of the core analysis.
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43.30.Hw Rough interface scattering
43.30.Xm Underwater measurement and calibration instrumentation and procedures
43.30.Ma Acoustics of sediments; ice covers, viscoelastic media; seismic underwater acoustics
43.30.Vh Active sonar systems

On the consideration of motion effects in the computation of impulse response for underwater acoustics inversion

Nicolas F. Josso, Cornel Ioana, Jérôme I. Mars, Cédric Gervaise, and Yann Stéphan

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 126, Issue 4, pp. 1739-1751 (2009); (13 pages) | Cited 3 times

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The estimation of the impulse response (IR) of a propagation channel may be of great interest for a large number of underwater applications: underwater communications, sonar detection and localization, marine mammal monitoring, etc. It quantifies the distortions of the transmitted signal in the underwater channel and enables geoacoustic inversion. The propagating signal is usually subject to additional and undesirable distortions due to the motion of the transmitter-channel-receiver configuration. This paper shows the effects of the motion while estimating the IR by matched filtering between the transmitted and the received signals. A methodology to compare IR estimation with and without motion is presented. Based on this comparison, a method for motion effect compensation is proposed in order to reduce motion-induced distortions. The proposed methodology is applied to real data sets collected in 2007 by the Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine in a shallow water environment, proving its interest for motion effect analysis. Motion compensated estimation of IRs is computed from sources transmitting broadband linear frequency modulations moving at up to 12 knots in the shallow water environment of the Malta plateau, South of Sicilia.
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43.30.Pc Ocean parameter estimation by acoustical methods; remote sensing; imaging, inversion, acoustic tomography
43.60.Mn Adaptive processing
43.60.Pt Signal processing techniques for acoustic inverse problems
43.30.Cq Ray propagation of sound in water

Acoustic mode radiation from the termination of a truncated nonlinear internal gravity wave duct in a shallow ocean area

Ying-Tsong Lin, Timothy F. Duda, and James F. Lynch

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Volume 126, Issue 4, pp. 1752-1765 (2009); (14 pages) | Cited 2 times

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See Also: Erratum

Show Abstract
Horizontal ducting of sound between short-wavelength nonlinear internal gravity waves in coastal environments has been reported in many theoretical and experimental studies. Important consequences arising at the open end of an internal wave duct (the termination) are examined in this paper with three-dimensional normal mode theory and parabolic approximation modeling. For an acoustic source located in such a duct and sufficiently far from the termination, some of the propagating sound may exit the duct by penetrating the waves at high grazing angles, but a fair amount of the sound energy is still trapped in the duct and propagates toward the termination. Analysis here shows that the across-duct sound energy distribution at the termination is unique for each acoustic vertical mode, and as a result the sound radiating from the termination of the duct forms horizontal beams that are different for each mode. In addition to narrowband analysis, a broadband simulation is made for water depths of order 80 m and propagation distances of 24 km. Situations occur with one or more modes absent in the radiated field and with mode multipath in the impulse response. These are both consistent with field observations.
Show PACS
43.30.Re Signal coherence or fluctuation due to sound propagation/scattering in the ocean
43.20.Bi Mathematical theory of wave propagation
43.20.Mv Waveguides, wave propagation in tubes and ducts
43.30.Bp Normal mode propagation of sound in water
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